【摘要】 随着国内外矿山进入深部开采阶段,高应力特征显现,岩爆、冲击地压等地质灾害频发,增加了深部矿产资源开采的难度。卸压技术能够有效解决矿山深部局部高应力集中并防治矿山动力地质灾害,因而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。通过梳理国内外卸压技术研究现状,归纳总结了主要卸压技术(包括水力卸压、钻孔卸压、卸压槽/卸压巷道和爆破卸压等)及常用的研究手段(相似材料模拟和数值模拟),对比分析了各类卸压技术的优缺点。结合当前金属矿山深部开采的实际需求,提出未来卸压技术理论研究的若干重要方向:(1)深化理论研究,通过经验公式来确定合理的卸压参数,从而指导生产实践;(2)相比其他卸压技术,爆破卸压的应用前景广阔,同时多种卸压方法相结合是未来深部矿山开采的有效措施;(3)数值模拟在卸压技术及参数确定方面的优势显著,未来卸压技术研究应充分了解现场复杂地质条件,结合相似模拟、数值模拟与现场试验,提出一套适用于金属矿山深部开采实际的卸压技术方案。更多还原

【Abstract】 Presently,the mines in domestic and foreign had been on the stage of deep mining.The high ground stress characteristics emerged and frequent dynamic geological hazards of mines happened,such as rock burst,which increased the difficulty of mining deep mineral resources. The rock bolt,anchor-mesh and other hard support which were used in shallow mines cannot achieve ideal governance effect,at the same time repair rate and maintenance cost was also high. Hence,it was imperative to carry out the study of deep mine destressing technology. This paper mainly introduced the destressing theory and destressing technology,summarized the current main destressing methods at home and abroad,and revealed the advantages and disadvantages of existing destressing methods. On this basis,some suggestions were put forward for the research methods and future research direction of destressing technology.Destress is one of the most effective ways to solve the high ground stress concentration in the deep part of the mine.Its basic principle was to improve the stress and energy release in the local surrounding rock by certain technical means,reduced the stress and energy concentration and the possibility of the instability of the deep rock mass.At present,the main destressing technologies at home and abroad include hydraulic destressing,borehole destressing,excavation destressing groove or destressing roadway and blasting destressing.The advantage of hydraulic destressing lied in increasing pore water pressure of rock mass and reducing effective stress and shear strength of rock mass,which was conducive to rock fracture expansion.However,the water injection pressure was relatively small,so good destressing effect cannot be achieved in hard rock area.The design of borehole destressing took fewer parameters into consideration and the parameters can be easily determined.However,the destressing of boreholes has a small range of influence.To achieve the desired effect of destressing,the number of boreholes was large,the construction time was long,and the construction schedule was also affected.The destressing groove or destressing roadway shall be determined in the direction of excavation and the distance from the high stress area. When the distance was too large,the destressing effect cannot be achieved. When the distance was too small,the size of destressing groove or destressing roadway was larger,which will lead to more obvious fracture and deformation of rock mass and is not conducive to rock mass stability.The blasting destressing process was simple,the effect was good,and the disturbance to the shallow surrounding rock was small. However,there were few studies on the mechanism of rock mass disturbance at present,and it was difficult to determine the influence range of blasting destressing pressure.The determination of reasonable and feasible destressing methods and parameters was the precondition and foundation for the field destressing. Similar material simulation and numerical simulation are the main methods for the research of destressing methods and parameters. The physical simulation can basically satisfy the similarity of geometric shape and mechanical parameters,but cannot achieve the simulation of factors such as ground stress,pore water pressure and structural surface,resulting in the deviation of the simulation results.The numerical simulation was relatively convenient and intuitive,and can simulate any mine engineering activities,which was widely used in determining the optimal parameters.Therefore,the main research direction of future pressure relief technology was to use numerical simulation method and combine various destressing methods to deal with complex geological conditions.更多还原