美国三大媒体对中国在美直接投资的认知研究

【作者】 张婷婷；

【导师】 陈瑛；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 经济全球化背景下,外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment,FDI)成为推动世界经济发展的关键力量。中国作为当今世界重要的对外直接投资(Outward Foreign DirectInvestment,OFDI)大国,其对美国的直接投资也受到越来越多的关注。21世纪以来,中国对美国直接投资经历了由缓慢发展到迅速增长、再到开始回落的过程。在这一过程中,中国在美投资的空间布局不断扩大,投资产业日益多元,投资企业快速增加,美国已经成为中国对外直接投资最大的东道国。投资促进了中美双方的经济发展,是实现中美经济合作共赢的良好方式。与中国的投资发展进程相同步,美国媒体对中国企业的相关报道也日渐丰富和深入,其中主流媒体具有较强的舆论引导力。东道国主流媒体对投资企业的报道影响着投资行为的发生与投资区位的选择。目前,由于中美贸易摩擦升级,中美投资未来发展有较多的不确定性,中国企业对美直接投资既存有发展机遇和空间,又面临诸多风险与挑战。因而,研究美国媒体对中国企业在美直接投资的认知,具有重要的现实意义。鉴于此,本文从媒体认知视角出发,以新闻传播学理论、国际直接投资理论以及新文化地理学理论为指导,选取美国《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》与《华尔街日报》三大主流媒体,分析其在2000-2002年、2008-2010年、2017-2019年三个时段内对中国在美OFDI的认知特点及变化趋势,再结合中国对美OFDI的时空特征分析影响美国媒体对中国企业投资认知的因素,进一步选取中国建筑有限公司、中国石油天然气集团、华为技术有限公司与大连万达集团四个典型企业进行案例分析,研究企业异质性对媒体认知的影响,并在研究的基础上为中国企业赴美投资提出对策和建议。研究主要结论如下:(1)2000-2019年研究期内,美国三大主流媒体对中国企业在美直接投资的关注度均大幅提高,但关注内容各有侧重。《华尔街日报》对中国在美OFDI的关注度最高,主要关注市场、金融、经贸对FDI的作用,《纽约时报》则更多地关注双边关系,《华盛顿邮报》更注重政治因素的影响。近年来,政府干预与科技水平成为三大媒体的最新聚焦点。(2)各州对中国直接投资的关注度及媒体热度在空间分布上存在差异。关注中国企业OFDI的州不断增多,关注度较高的有纽约州、加利福尼亚州、德克萨斯州、密歇根州与华盛顿哥伦比亚特区,在空间分布上由东北向南部扩张,呈现加利福尼亚州、德克萨斯州与佛罗里达州由西向东的南部三州以及东北五大湖区域的“三点一片”式格局。媒体热度较高的州有加利福尼亚州、纽约州以及德克萨斯州,由西向东在空间上形成西部加利福尼亚州、中部德克萨斯州-密歇根州连线以及大西洋沿岸各州连线的“一点两线”分布格局。(3)美国三大主流媒体对中国企业在美直接投资的情感整体上以积极正面为主,但也存在消极报道与负面言论,且负面报道占比有增大趋势,同时媒体认知情感亦呈现出较大的空间分异。《纽约时报》对中国企业OFDI的报道整体情感呈较为积极、但积极程度不高的态势,《华盛顿邮报》少量报道属消极论调,情感起伏波动有所增大,《华尔街日报》对中国企业OFDI负面报道不断增多,情感波动变大,情感强度在正负两个方向均有增强。空间上,加利福尼亚州、佛罗里达州、北卡罗莱纳州、密歇根州与犹他州对中国投资的欢迎程度更高,呈现更积极的态度。时间上,2008-2010年各州对中国直接投资的积极态度最强,2017-2019年次之,2000-2001 年最弱。(4)美国三大主流媒体对中国在美直接投资的报道主题存在差异,且随着时间的变化,主题分布表现出新的特征。投资动机、投资风险、投资方式始终是三大媒体对中国企业OFDI的热点报道话题,2018年前后,围绕国家安全、关税、贸易战出现了更多的议题。三大主流媒体对中国企业OFDI的报道随着投资存量的攀升而不断增多,其关注点由2000年的FDI与市场、贸易关系问题,逐渐转为2018年的特朗普政府、科技水平以及中美双边协议。(5)国家与政府、经济与市场、投资者形象、企业科技创新能力与中国对美直接投资的时空特征五方面是影响美国主流媒体对中国企业OFDI认知的主要因素。(6)三大媒体中积极态度较强、媒体热度较高、对中国企业关注度较高的州在空间分布上与中国对美OFDI的热点州基本拟合。即媒体认知处于积极正面的州,往往更多地吸收中国企业投资,同时出现在美国主流媒体对中国企业OFDI报道中的频率也会增多。如加利福尼亚州、北卡罗莱纳州、密歇根州、伊利诺伊州,媒体认知积极性最高,同时也是吸收中国企业投资的重点州。从媒体认知与中国企业投资的时间互动关系上来看,可将美国各州分为认知同步型、认知优先型与认知滞后型三种类型。(7)案例研究发现,三大美国媒体对中国国有企业OFDI的报道更关注政府的作用,而对民营企业的报道则更侧重市场、科技、投资者等要素。美国媒体对两种所有制类型的投资企业情感均值都为正向,但对民营企业的积极程度明显高于国有企业。能源行业尤其是大型国有石油企业的投资更容易引发美国在国家安全方面的顾虑,易遭受舆论压力、国会抗议等多方阻碍,而高新科技产业成为近来美国重点打压和限制的对象。本文的创新之处在于两点,首先是富有新意的研究视角。本研究创新性地将中国企业对美OFDI与美国媒体认知相联系,对海量新闻文本数据进行深度挖掘,将质性研究与定量分析相结合,量化美国主流媒体对中国企业OFDI的认知与评价。并从地理视角探讨媒体认知的空间差异,将实体空间与虚拟的信息空间相结合,研究东道国媒体对中国企业OFDI的认知。其次是跨学科交叉研究。本研究结合新闻传播学在媒体认知方面的质性研究、计算机专业在文本数据挖掘上的技术与手段、经济地理学在FDI研究中的已有范式以及新文化地理学的研究热点,融合国际关系与国际政治学等多学科进行定性与定量分析,为跨学科交叉研究提供了新的思考方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the background of economic globalization,Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)becomes a key force to promote the world economic development.China is an important Outward Foreign Direct Investment(OFDI)country in the world today,its OFDI to the United States attracts more and more attention.Since 2000,China’s FDI in the U.S.experienced a process from slow growth to rapid growth,and then to a sharp decline.In this process,China’s OFDI in the U.S.is expanding in space,with increasingly diversified investment industries and rapid growth of enterprises’ number.The U.S.has become the largest host country of China’s OFDI.Investment has promoted the economic development of both sides and is a good way to achieve win-win economic cooperation between China and the U.S.Along with the development of China’s OFDI,the American media’s reports on Chinese enterprises have become increasingly rich and in-depth,among which the mainstream media has a strong ability to guide public opinion.Host country mainstream media’s report on investment enterprises affect the occurrence of investment behavior and the choice of investment location.At present,due to the escalation of trade frictions between China and the U.S.,the future development of SinoUS investment is more uncertain.Chinese enterprises’ direct investment in the U.S.not only has development opportunities and space,but also faces many risks and challenges.Therefore,it’s of great significance to study American media’s perception of China’s OFDI in the United States.In view of cognitive perspective,based on the news texts on China’s OFDI in the U.S.of the New York times,the Washington post and the Wall Street journal in 20002002,2008-2010,2017-2019,this paper analyzes American mainstream media’s cognitive characteristics,temporal-spatial variation and influencing factors.Then,four typical enterprises,China State Construction Corporation Limited,China National Petroleum Corporation,Huawei Technology Co.and Ltd.and Dalian Wanda Group are selected for case analysis to study the impact of corporate heterogeneity on media perception.Finally,put forward some suggestions.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)During the study period from 2000 to 2019,the attention of the three major US mainstream media on Chinese enterprises’ OFDI in the U.S.increased significantly,but the content of attention has different emphasis.The Wall Street Journal pays the highest attention to China’s OFDI in the US,mainly focusing on the role of market,finance and economy and trade on FDI.The New York Times pays more attention to bilateral relations,while the Washington Post pays more attention to the influence of political factors.In recent years,government intervention and the level of technology have become the latest focus of the three major media.(2)There are differences in the spatial distribution of the attention and media popularity of China’s direct investment among different states.New York,California,Texas,Michigan and Washington D.C.have highest awareness of China enterprise,from the northeast to the south in the spatial distribution of the expansion,showing a pattern of "three points and one area".California,Texas and Florida have highest frequency of three mainstream media coverage,which form a spatial pattern of "one point and two lines",namely the western California line,the central Texas-Michigan line,and the eastern line formed by the Atlantic states.(3)The sentiment of the three major American mainstream media towards China’s OFDI in the United States is generally positive,but there are also negative reports and remarks,and the proportion of them has an increasing trend.At the same time,the cognitive emotion of the media also shows a large spatial difference.California,Florida,North Carolina,Michigan and Utah are more positive toward Chinese investment.In terms of time,the state’s positive attitude towards China’s direct investment was strongest in 2008-2010,followed by 2017-2019,and weakest in 2000-2002.(4)There are differences in the themes of Chinese direct investment in the US reported by different US media,and with the change of time,the distribution of themes shows new characteristics.Since the beginning of the 21 st century,investment motivation,investment risk and investment mode have been the hot topics of Chinese OFDI reported by the three major US mainstream media.Around 2018,more issues emerged around national security,tariffs and trade wars.With the increase of the investment deals,the three major media’s reports on Chinese enterprises OFDI have been increasing.Their focus has shifted from FDI,market and trade relations in 2000 to the Trump administration,technology and bilateral agreement between China and the US in 2018.(5)The main factors influencing American mainstream media’s perception of OFDI of Chinese enterprises can be summarized into five aspects:country and government,market,investor,technological innovation capability of enterprises and the space-time characteristics of Chinese investment.(6)U.S.states those have strong positive attitude,high media heat and higher attention to the Chinese enterprise basically fit with the OFDI hot spots of China to the U.S.in spatial distribution.In other words,states with positive media perceptions tend to attract more investment from Chinese companies and appear more frequently in mainstream media reports on Chinese companies’ OFDI.States such as California,North Carolina,Michigan and Illinois have the highest positive media perception and are also key destinations for Chinese investment.U.S.states can be classified as "synchronous","cognitive vanguard",and "cognitive lag",depending on how mobile media perceptions interact with Chinese business investment over time.(7)The case study shows that the US media’s reports on China’s state-owned OFDI pay more attention to the role of the government,while those on private enterprises pay more attention to the market,technology,investors.The average sentiment of American media towards Chinese enterprises are both positive,but the degree of positive for private enterprises is higher than that for state-owned enterprises.The investment of the energy industry is more likely to cause national security concerns in the U.S.Also,the high-tech industry has recently become the focus of the United States to suppress and restrict.The proposed innovations of this paper lie in two aspects,the first is the creative research perspective.This study innovatively links China’ OFDI in the U.S.with perception of American media,conducts in-depth mining of massive news text data,analyzes the perception of mainstream media on OFDI of Chinese enterprises and discusses the spatial differences of media cognition from a geographical perspective.The second is interdisciplinary research.Combining journalism and communication’qualitative research on public opinion,the computer professional methods in text data mining,the existing paradigm of FDI in the economic geography and the new culture geography research hot spot,this paper provides a new thinking direction for interdisciplinary research.更多还原