【作者】 张慧；

【导师】 宗世祥；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 森林保护学， 2013， 硕士

【摘要】 油蒿(菊科)是中国西北地区用于荒漠化治理的重要植被之一,在西北地区生态环境建设及区域经济发展中发挥了重要作用。近年来,由于沙蒿大粒象,沙蒿尖翅吉丁和沙蒿木蠹蛾等钻蛀性害虫的严重危害,导致油蒿大面积死亡。为明确虫害诱导油蒿挥发物在三种害虫寄主选择中的作用机制,本文以健康油蒿、机械损伤油蒿和三种害虫幼虫取食危害油蒿为研究对象,采用动态顶空集气法、触角电位仪和“Y”型嗅觉仪测定行为反应等方法,系统研究了油蒿挥发物在三种害虫寄主选择中的作用机制,主要结论如下：①油蒿主要挥发性物质共28种,其中,健康油蒿含有萜烯类、醇类、醛类和酯类化合物共计19种；机械损伤后诱导油蒿产生了五种新的绿叶性气体2-己烯醛、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、2-己烯-1-醇、1-己醇和乙酸叶醇酯；而害虫取食后诱导油蒿产生的物质除以上五种绿叶性气体外,还有萜烯类化合物α-占巴烯、β-雪松烯、(E,E)-α-法尼烯和酯类化合物水杨酸甲酯。相比健康油蒿而言,机械损伤和害虫取食后,α-蒎烯和γ-萜品烯的含量都有所升高,而p-伞花烃,D-柠檬烯,β-水芹烯,(E)-2-癸烯醛,2-丁基-1-辛醇,β-绿叶烯和β-石竹烯的相对含量有所降低。另外,机械损伤诱导油蒿产生的挥发物的相对含量要比虫害诱导产生的高。②触角电位反应结果表明：沙蒿大粒象雌虫对2-己烯-1-醇、水杨酸甲酯、莰烯、α-蒎烯和4-蒈烯有较强反应值；而雄虫对β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、4-蒈烯、(E,E)-α-法尼烯、D-柠檬烯和β-水芹烯有较强反应值。沙蒿尖翅吉丁雌虫对a-蒎烯、2-己烯-1-醇、D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯和莰烯有较强反应值；而雄虫只对α-蒎烯一种挥发性物质有较强反应值。③利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定沙蒿大粒象和沙蒿尖翅吉丁成虫对主要挥发物单体和活体植株的反应结果表明：水杨酸甲酯对沙蒿大粒象雌虫有较强的趋避作用,而2-己烯-1-醇、莰烯、α-蒎烯和4-蒈烯则相反：β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、4-蒈烯、(E,E)-α-法尼烯、D-柠檬烯和β-水芹烯均对雄虫均有较强的吸引作用。α-蒎烯对沙蒿尖翅吉丁雌雄成虫均有较强的吸引作用,2-己烯-1-醇、D-柠檬烯、β-蒎烯和莰烯对雌虫有较强的吸引作用,而对雄虫则没有任何作用。在沙蒿尖翅吉丁幼虫取食的油蒿和健康油蒿之间,沙蒿大粒象雌虫更偏向于健康油蒿,而雄虫无明显偏好；而在沙蒿大粒象幼虫取食的油蒿和健康油蒿之间,沙蒿尖翅吉丁雌雄成虫均无明显的偏好。研究结果为明确虫害诱导的油蒿挥发性物质在沙蒿大粒象、沙蒿尖翅吉丁和沙蒿木蠹蛾寄主选中的作用机制以及开发有效的植物源引诱剂或驱避剂提供了理论依据和实际指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 Artemisia ordosica (Asteraceae) is one of the most important plants for desertification control in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. Three major stem-boring herbivores of it are Adosopiits sp.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae), Sphenoptera sp.(Coleoptera:Buprestidae) and Holcocerus artemisiae (Lepidoptera:Cossidae). For understanding the reaction mechanism of herbivore-induced A. ordosica volatiles in host plant selection of three herbivores, we took healthy, mechanically damaged A. ordosica, and plants infested with larvae of the herbivores as reasearch objects, useing a dynamic headspace method, electroantennogram and "Y" tube, the reaction mechanism of A. ordosica volatiles in host plant selection of three herbivores was studied systematically. Main conclusions are as follows:①Twenty-eight major compounds were identified, and qualitative as well as quantitative differences were compared. The green leaf volatiles2-hexenal,(Z)-3-hexen-l-ol,2-hexen-1-ol,1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, acetate were present in all of the damaged plants, but in relatively lower proportions when plants infested by herbivores, and the terpenoids a-copaene,β-cedrene, and (E,E)-a-farnesene, and the ester methyl salicylate were present in all herbivore-infested plants.②Two beetles response to these compounds are tested with electroantennogram (EAG). By using the mehod of LSD multiple compared analysis, the result showed five volatile compounds such as a-pinene,2-hexen-l-ol, D-Limonene,β-pinene and camphene elicited strong EAG response by female Sphenoptera sp.. One volatile compound such as a-pinene elicited strong EAG response by male Sphenoptera sp.. Five volatile compounds such as2-hexen-l-ol, methyl salicylate, camphene, a-pinene, and4-carene elicited strong EAG response by female Adosomus sp.. Six volatile compounds such as β-myrcene, ocimene,4-carene,(E,E)-a-farnesene, D-Limonene and β-caryophyllene elicited strong EAG response to male Adosomus sp.③With Y-shape olfactory detector, the results of real samples showed that female Sphenoptera sp. were strongly attracted by the five volatile compounds and male Sphenoptera sp. were strongly attracted by a-Pinene. Female Adosomus sp. were strongly repelled by methyl salicylate and strongly attracted by the four volatile compounds whereas male Adosomus sp. were strongly attracted by the six volatile compounds. The results of real plants showed that both female and male Sphenoptera sp. showed no preference for healthy and Adosopius sp. larvae-infested A. ordosica. Female Adosomus sp. preferred healthy A. ordosica to Sphenoptera sp. larvae-infested ones while female Adosomus sp. showed no preference for two kinds of plants.The paper further derives new theoretical basis of making a thorough study of explicating how Sphenopteni sp., Adosomus sp. and Holcocenis urlemisia make a host selection and aims to enrich the theoretical basis and scientific foundation for IPM of pests by studies of HIPVs. In the meantime, attractants and repellents of plant origin can be exploited for the effective control.更多还原