【摘要】 随着全球数据安全法律法规愈发关注隐私保护，以及数据主权、科技竞争和地缘政治等新型治理因素的影响，科学数据的“保护”要求不断提高。这种趋势在一定程度上抑制了数据采集、处理、传输和分析等“利用”功能，并对既有科学数据的“保护-利用”平衡产生了负面影响。目前，这种失衡趋势表现为法律合规负担过重以及公共科学数据可用性逐渐减弱等治理挑战，现有研究和实践缺乏必要的分析工具来全面、系统地理解并应对这些挑战。为填补这一空白，论文提出了一个基于规则的科学数据安全治理框架，旨在从法律法规、伦理规范和机构政策等安全治理规则的角度系统分析“保护-利用”失衡及相关挑战。该框架整合了主要的科学数据安全治理规则类型，并结合“岛桥模型”、“法律-伦理”均衡和“适度落实”原则等三项分析工具，构建了治理规则与“保护-利用”平衡之间的传导路径。通过这一框架，论文解释并初步验证了其在理解科学数据合规责任过重和公共科学数据可用性弱化两大挑战中的应用价值。在全球科学数据安全法规日趋严苛的背景下，本文提出的基于规则的分析视角及相关工具，丰富了科学数据安全治理的理论基础，并为学术界、数据管理者和政策制定者提供了应对当前挑战的有效工具和政策沟通的理论支撑。这一框架为未来在数据安全治理中的应用和扩展提供了重要参考，也为保障科学数据的可持续利用提供了关键指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the implementation of various data security laws and regulations centered on privacy protection, and the emergence of new governance factors such as data sovereignty, technological competition, and geopolitics, the requirements for the "protection" of scientific data have been increasingly elevated. This has objectively suppressed the "utilization" functions of data collection,processing, transmission, and analysis, leading to a significant risk of imbalance between the protection and utilization of scientific data. This imbalance is externally manifested in challenges such as the excessive burden of legal compliance and the weakening availability of public scientific data. The academic community, data managers, and policymakers urgently need effective analytical tools to understand and address these challenges in a systematic way. In response to this gap, this paper proposes a rule-based governance framework for scientific data security, aiming to provide a systematic analytical tool to address the protection-utilization imbalance and related challenges from the perspective of governance rules, including laws, ethics, and institutional policies. This framework integrates the major rule types in scientific data security governance and introduces three analytical tools: the "Island-Bridge Model," the "Law-Ethics Balance," and the "Moderate Implementation" principle, to explain the interaction mechanisms of these rules. The framework establishes the transmission paths between governance rules and the protection-utilization balance and uses these tools to explain two key challenges—excessive compliance burdens and weakened public scientific data availability—demonstrating its explanatory power and practical value. In the context of the long-term tightening of data security regulations, the rule-based analytical perspective and tools proposed in this paper enrich the theoretical foundation of scientific data security governance and provide practical references for addressing these challenges. The framework also offers essential theoretical support for policy communication among the academic community, data managers, and policymakers, ensuring the sustainable utilization of scientific data in the future.更多还原