【摘要】 当前，系统失灵和转型失灵成为制约我国国家创新体系效能提升的重要因素，需求导向科技创新治理为解决两类失灵问题、提升国家创新体系效能提供了应对思路。本文通过构建需求导向科技创新治理与国家创新体系效能提升的分析框架，总结需求导向科技创新治理的国际典型经验，剖析国内需求导向科技创新治理面临的挑战并提出应对策略。首先，从理论上阐释需求导向科技创新治理提升国家创新体系效能的机理与路径。其次，总结美国战略需求导向和欧盟使命导向的科技创新治理布局与实践。最后，梳理制约我国国家创新体系效能提升的需求导向科技创新治理挑战，并提出需求导向科技创新治理的基本思路。研究发现：需求导向科技创新治理有助于解决制约国家创新体系效能的系统失灵和转型失灵问题。实践层面，需求导向科技创新治理已经嵌入美国和欧盟重大科技创新活动的组织和管理中，而我国需求导向的科技资源配置体系和评价体系尚不完善、需求驱动的产学研合作机制和保障机制尚不健全、适应经济社会发展新需求的科技创新政策体系尚不成熟成为制约国家创新体系效能提升的主要原因。为此，我国迫切需要统筹国家创新体系能力、效率和方向建设，建设和完善需求导向科技创新治理体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Under the background of increasingly intensified international scientific and technological competition, how to improve the efficacy of national innovation system has been widely concerned by major countries. At present, system failure and transformation failure restrict the efficacy improvement of China′s national innovation system, and demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance provides a way to solve two types of failures and improve the efficacy of national innovation system. Based on the theoretical framework of demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance and national innovation system efficacy improvement, we summarize the international typical experience of demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance, analyze the demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance challenges faced by China′s national innovation system, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures.Firstly, we build a theoretical analysis framework for demand-oriented governance of scientific and technological innovation and the efficacy of national innovation system, and explain the mechanism and path for demand-oriented governance of scientific and technological innovation to improve the efficacy of national innovation system. We propose that the system failure caused by the imperfect structure and operation mechanism of national innovation system restricts the efficacy of national innovation system from the structural level, and the transformation failure may also restrict the continuous improvement of national innovation system′s efficacy from the directional level. Demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance helps to solve structural problems caused by system failure and directional problems caused by transformation failure in the national innovation system, thus promoting the efficacy of the national innovation system.Secondly, we analyze the layout and practice of science and technology governance guided by US strategic demand-driven and EU mission-driven. The United States has long implemented national strategic demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance. Taking DARPA for example, DARPA is the most typical demand-oriented scientific research organization model in the United States, and has established a demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation project governance system. The EU continues to promote mission-oriented science and technology innovation governance. For example, Horizon Europe promotes project-driven science and technology innovation governance under the guidance of mission, so that research and innovation can better serve national strategies and meet social challenges.Thirdly, we analyze the main challenges about demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance that restrict the efficacy improvement of China′s national innovation system, and put forward the ways of conducting demand-oriented scientific and technological innovation governance. Based on the demand-oriented innovation paradigm and governance of scientific and technological innovation, the systematic layout of innovation direction, scientific and technological resources and innovation policies will help solve problems such as decentralized allocation of innovation resources, inconsistent interests of innovation subjects, and difficult transformation of scientific and technological achievements, so as to improve efficient allocation of scientific and technological innovation resources, organic coordination of various subjects and coordinated and adaptive departmental policies.The main conclusions of this study are as follows. Demand-oriented science and technology governance helps to solve system failure and transformation failure restrict the efficacy of national innovation system. From the practical level, demand-oriented science and technology governance has been embedded in the organization and management of science and technology activities in the United States and the European Union. Main reasons restricting the efficacy of China′s national innovation system include that China′s demand-oriented science and technology resource allocation system and evaluation system are not perfect, demand-oriented industry-university-research cooperation mechanism and guarantee mechanism are not well organized, and the science and technology innovation policy system that meets the new needs of economic and social development is not mature. Therefore, China urgently needs to coordinate the construction of the capacity, efficiency and direction of national innovation system, establish and improve demand-oriented science and technology governance system so as to strengthen the efficacy of national innovation system.更多还原