【摘要】 目前国内外关于城市自治的制度的研究多偏向着理想主义与现实主义的二元对立,本文借鉴历史新制度主义的诸多概念与理论,试图加深对西欧中世纪城市制度的起源与演化的研究。在城市起源问题上,本文努力将城市自治制度起源与城市起源两者区分开来,从制度分析中的结构与行动者两方面探寻西欧中世纪城市自治制度的生成:古希腊与古罗马的城市与地方自治制度作为重要的制度遗产,加上封建时代的权力分散结构为城市自治制度的诉求提供了结构性优势。而城市商人主导的市民阶层在行动中充分利用这些有利优势,在与领主的博弈中不断斗争,最终达成妥协,形成了以城市特许状为核心制度架构的城市自治制度体系。而在城市自治实施过程中,随着城市内外权力结构变化,国王与领主的权力逐步通过新的方式渗透到城市治理结构当中去,社会分层导致城市权贵主导的大家族或行会逐步垄断经济与政治管理权力,主导城市自治并逐步形成封闭的寡头统治,以至于触发后来连绵不断的城市底层市民的暴动。这样的自治蜕变犹如政体腐化一样,也呈现出别样的趋向性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The existing researches about city autonomic institutions tend to a binary opposition between idealism and realism.By contrast,this paper dedicates to deepening the origin and evolution of the city autonomic institutions of Medieval West Europe by reference to some concepts and theories of historical new institutionalism.In the issue of city origin,the author makes a distinction between the origin of city and that of city autonomic institutions,and explores the establishment of the West Europe city autonomic institutions from the perspective of structure and agent.The author argues that the city autonomic institutions of Ancient Greek and Ancient Roma as the important institutional heritages and the power decentralized structure in Feudal Times jointly supplying the structural advantages for the development of Medieval West Europe city autonomy.At the same time,the Citizen stratum leaded by the businessmen of the medieval city made the best of above advantages,finally reaching a compromise with the lords after continuously struggle.These efforts result in an unexpected outcome: the formation of the city autonomic institutional system with the core institutional structure of City Charter.Moreover,in the process of the city autonomy,along with the change of power structure both inside and outside the city,the power of the kings and lords penetrated into the city governance structure through some new ways,and,in the meanwhile,changes in the social stratification result in the monopoly of the city governance power gradually by some distinguished families and guilds dominated by city patrician which became the closed oligarchy later.These changes also bring about the continuous urban riots of the bottom citizens.This corruption of autonomy looked like the regime corruption,manifested a special kind of tendency.更多还原