成本规避与印尼和马来西亚在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上合作形式的选择（1998-2008）

【作者】 张杰；

【导师】 朱明权；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际关系， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 “成本规避”是指行为体对成本更为敏感。尽可能地降低成本、减少支出是行为体进行政策选择时的基本考量之一。“成本规避型合作”是指行为体为减少自身所需支付的成本而进行的合作,成本在行为体的合作关系中扮演核心角色。“成本规避型合作”既可以解释行为体为什么会选择“象征性合作”,也可以解释行为体为什么虽然不愿意,但是却不得不进行“实质性合作”。本文将以“成本规避”作为主线,分析印尼和马来西亚自1998年至2008年在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上合作形式的选择问题。马六甲海峡的战略位置十分重要。当前,马六甲海峡适用“过境通行制度”。从1998年到2004年7月之前,印尼和马来西亚之所以在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上选择“象征性合作”,是因为两国既想规避打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪的成本,又要规避来自海峡其他利益相关方指责或惩罚的成本。出于“反恐”和掌控战略要地的需要,2004年3月美国太平洋舰队司令托马斯法戈在美国众议院军事委员会上建议美国应派遣军队“协防”马六甲海峡。这激起了印尼和马来西亚的强烈反对。因为两国要规避国家主权受侵犯,对马六甲海峡控制权丧失以及国内政局稳定受到冲击的成本。这些成本是它们难以承受的。与此同时,印尼和马来西亚意识到继续维持在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上的“象征性合作”,将付出外交陷于被动、无法更新升级武器装备以及难以获得美国相关援助的成本。因为马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪而“得罪”美国明显得不偿失。2004年7月之后,印尼和马来西亚加强了在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上进行了“实质性合作”。两国不仅采取了一系列行动,而且还在多个场合承认海峡其他利益相关方的权利,并呼吁它们在尊重印尼和马来西亚主权以及《联合国海洋法公约》相关规定的基础上向两国提供资金、技术、设备和训练方面的援助。从目前的情况上来看,印尼和马来西亚在打击马六甲海峡武装抢劫犯罪上的“实质性合作”,基本上达到了有效遏制该犯罪以及防范其他跨国犯罪的目的。从长远来看,由马六甲海峡沿岸国家承担打击海峡武装抢劫犯罪的主要责任,其他利益相关方在尊重海峡沿岸国家主权以及相关法律的基础上向其提供资金、技术等方面的援助是遏制该犯罪的有效模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Cost-elusion" means that the actors are more sensitive to cost. To reduce cost and expenditure as much as possible is one of the basic considerations when making policy choices. "Cost-elusion-pattern Cooperation" means that the reason why the actors choose to cooperate is that they want to reduce the cost. The cost plays a central role in the cooperation. "Cost-elusion-pattern Cooperation" could not only explain why the actors would choose "Symbolic Cooperation", but also explain why the actors sometimes choose "Substantial Cooperation" though with reluctance. Using the "Cost-elusion" as the thread, this dissertation analyses the international cooperative patterns of Indonesia and Malaysia on security issues in Malacca Strait from 1998 to 2008.The strategic position of Malacca Strait is extremely important; right now the "transit passage institution" is applied in the Strait. From 1998 to July 2004, Indonesia and Malaysia only had "Symbolic Cooperation" to strike armed robbery in Malacca Strait. That was because they not only wanted to elude the cost of fighting this crime, but also to avoid the accusatory cost from other stakeholders.In order to crack down terrorism and control this strategic traffic line, the U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander, Thomas Fargo recommended that the United States should send troops to "secure" Malacca Strait before the Armed Services Committee in the House of Representatives in March 2004. This provoked strong responces from Indonesia and Malaysia. The reasons are that they wanted to elude the cost of the damage to national sovereignty, the loss of control over the Strait, and internal political instability which both countries are unwilling to take.At the same time, Indonesia and Malaysia recognized that if they still maintained the "Symbolic Cooperation" in Malacca Strait, they would not only pay for the costs of the diplomatic losses, but also the costs of unable to update and upgrade weapons and equipments, and wouldn’t acquire relevant assistance from the United States. It’s unwise to "offend" the United States just because of the armed robbery crime in Malacca Strait. Indonesia and Malaysia strengthened the security cooperation in Malacca Strait After July 2004. They not only took several actions to strengthen security cooperation in Malacca Strait, but also recognized the concerns of other stakeholders in Malacca Strait, and called upon them to provide funds, technology, equipments, and training assistance on the basis of respecting the sovereignty of Indonesia and Malaysia, and the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.According to the current situation, the "Substantial Cooperation", carried out by Indonesia and Malaysia, has contained the armed robbery crime of Malacca Strait effectively. In the long run, the littoral states should bear their responsibility over Malacca Strait, and on the basis of respecting the sovereignty of the littoral states and relevant laws, other stakeholders should continue to provide financial, technical and other assistance to the littoral states. This could be the effective pattern to strike the armed robbery crime of Malacca Strait.更多还原