【作者】 张军；

【导师】 赵景华；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 企业管理， 2007， 博士

【摘要】 破坏性创新是指企业偏离主流市场用户所重视的绩效属性,引入低端用户或新用户看重的绩效属性或属性组合的产品或服务,通过先占领低端市场或新市场,再逐渐破坏或取代既有主流市场的产品或服务的一类创新。20世纪80年代以来,许多中小企业依靠破坏性创新成长起来,而许多大企业却由于对破坏性创新的因应策略不当走向了衰落。破坏性创新在企业竞争中的作用越来越突出。从我国的实际情况来看,破坏性创新是一种适合于我国实际情况的创新方法,我国也出现了一系列破坏性创新的案例,这既给理论研究提供了素材,也为理论研究提出了新的要求。我国企业在提高自主创新能力的同时,加强对破坏性创新管理的研究具有十分重要的现实意义。破坏性创新理论从一个新的角度解释了创新对企业和产业命运的影响,但现有的研究大多是从个别案例或商业史演变的角度得出的结论,少数实证研究也是静态的分析。本研究以破坏性创新为研究对象,从企业的资源与能力出发,将企业生命周期与破坏性创新理论联系起来,研究了企业在生命周期不同阶段开展破坏性创新的可行模式,影响因素以及内在机理,试图回答在生命周期不同阶段上,企业“可行的破坏性创新模式”、“影响因素”以及“有价值的实践活动”各是什么。研究过程中,论文始终坚持理论分析和实证分析相结合,本研究通过文献梳理工作形成了对上述问题的初步认识,并提出了破坏性创新的分类模型、企业生命周期不同阶段上的影响因素模型和基于吸收能力的内在机理模型以及相应的理论假设。在实地访谈的基础上,借鉴国内外相关文献的实证检验方法,本研究设计、选择了相应的变量,形成了包含66个问题的调查问卷,并通过对济南、威海、日照、武汉、长沙等地的350个生产制造业企业战略业务单元(企业)进行问卷调查,获得了102份有效样本。对问卷调查获得的数据,本研究采用了因子分析、相关分析、多元线性回归、Z检验、多重共线性诊断、偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)路径分析等方法,对研究假设进行验证。研究得出的主要结论如下:(1)理论分析和手机与电话行业演变史表明,现实生活中存在着分离市场型低端蚕食破坏性创新,这种模式的破坏性创新产品可以索取高价。以新产品蚕食理论为基础的破坏性创新框架为处于生命周期不同阶段的企业提供了可供选择的三种模式:直接低端蚕食、边缘市场型蚕食、分离市场型蚕食。处于生命周期早期阶段的企业选择分离市场型低端蚕食破坏创新为最佳,处于生命周期晚期阶段的企业选择边缘市场型低端蚕食创新为最佳。(2)多元线性回归和Z检验结果显示,企业生命周期阶段对组织因素与破坏性创新的关系具有调节作用。早期阶段没有显著性统计关系的顾客信息因素在晚期阶段与创新破坏性绩效显著性正相关;在早期阶段,组织结构正式性和集权性与破坏性创新之间呈显著性正相关关系,而在晚期阶段,它们与破坏性创新呈显著性负相关关系;创新性文化一直与创新破坏性显著性正相关,在晚期阶段这种关系更加强烈。(3)多重共线性诊断和相关检验结果现实,对企业识别能力有显著性影响的实践活动包括:努力发现用户的潜在需求、追求新兴市场用户重视的创意和产品概念、研究非消费群体行为,研究顾客消费阶段(搜寻、购买、处置等)的行为及其趋势,研究产品属性如何满足顾客不同消费阶段的需求等活动;对企业消化能力有显著性影响的实践活动包括:业务单元内经常交流对消费者、市场的认识,经常寻求改进营销方法,经常考虑如何更好地利用知识;对企业转移能力有显著性影响的实践活动包括:根据新产品需要调整组织结构、替代现有技能、调整生产流程、采用新的工作流程,支持可能对现有产品造成负面影响的新项目。(4)偏最小二乘路径分析结果现实,企业的吸收能力与创新破,坏性之间具有较强正相关关系;吸收能力的各个维度之间存在着部分中介作用。识别能力与创新破坏性的路径系数最小,而总效应最大。消化能力的中介作用比转移能力的中介作用大。(5)相关分析结果显示,处于生命周期不同阶段上的企业消化能力存在差异。处于成熟阶段企业的消化能力大于处于初创阶段和成长阶段企业的消化能力,处于成长阶段和成熟阶段企业的转移能力大于处于初创阶段企业的转移能力。与破坏性创新现有研究成果相比,本研究的创新和发展主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)既有研究成果大多集中在对创新者困境或企业开展破坏性创新所需具备的因素与能力的静态解释上,而从企业资源和能力角度研究破坏性创新的文献较少。本文将企业生命周期与破坏性创新理论结合起来,为理解企业的持续成长和创新者困境提供了一个新的视角。(2)既有研究成果认为破坏性创新产品都是低价的、便利的,而对现实中存在的高价破坏性创新产品(如手机对固定电话)现象又不能做出圆满的解释。本研究通过构造的部分效用曲线模型,解释了破坏性创新产品的“高价之谜”,并利用手机和固定电话产品历时20年的行业数据验证了结论。(3)迄今为止,顾客导向在企业开展破坏性创新中的作用还没有获得共识。本研究的实证结果表明,顾客导向对企业开展破坏性创新活动具有推动作用。(4)现有的文献没有研究吸收能力与破坏性创新的关系,对于吸收能力各个维度的认识也停留在互相独立或具有完全中介作用上。本文研究了吸收能力与破坏性创新的关系,提出了吸收能力各维度之间的部分中介作用模型。并在调查数据的基础上,使用偏最小二乘(PLS)路径分析软件验证了模型的正确性。更多还原

【Abstract】 By departure from the performance attributes viewed by mainstream market users and introducing the product or service which is liked by lower users or new users, Disruptive innovation is getting across occupy lower market or new market and gradually destroys or replaces the product or service in mainstream market. Since as the last decades in 20th century, the developed countries’ leading large companies usually encounter failure in the face of the disruptive innovation originated from the small enterprise, therefore, the disruptive innovation become more and more important during the market competition. Disruptive innovation is a king of technologic innovation method for the enterprises in China. More and more cases about disruptive innovation are emergenying in our country now, which is not only the base for the disruptive innovation researches but also put forward new research problems. A few of researchers have focused their interest on disruptive innovation, and done some exploratory researches following the researchers overseas. Such researches are gradually rising in our country.Disruptive innovation theories lay out the innovation influence to the fate of firms and industries. One of the defects of researches about disruptive innovation is most of them are based cases or history of some business evolutiving. While studies deal with dynamic problems about disruptive innovation are rare. In fact, evolve as firms grow, their characteristics change accordingly. The research focuses on disruptive innovation and relates the organizational life-cycle theory to he theory of disruptive innovation and tried to answer questions as the viable model of disruptive innovation, affecting foctors, valuable practical activities for the different stages firms. Accordingly, the three questions were analyzed respectively based the research for mechanism of the disruptive innovation production, the moderating effects of organizational life-cycle stages, and the inteanal mechanism of the disruptive innovation in firms based on the absorptive capacity theory.The research has been developed by the combination use of normative analysis and empirical analysis approaches in this dissertation. The theoretical hypotheses were proposed after literature review. Based on our interviews and some relative empirical studies in literature, we designed a questionnaire with 66 items. The questionnaire survey was launched for about 350 strategic business units (SBU) (enterprises) in Jinan, Weihai, Wuhan, and Changsha. And 102 valid samples are finally gathered. The methods we used in the data analyses process include factor analysis, variance analysis, and regression. Main conclusions we made in this paper are as follows.(1)Theorical analysis shows that there is detached-market low-end encroachment innovation in reality, which can be high price. There are three models which can be selected by the growing firm: Immediate low-end encroachment, fringe-market low-end encroachment, and detached-market low-end encroachment. The firms in early-stage can select detached-market low-end encroachment first, and the firms in late-stage can select fringe-market low-end encroachment.(2)Multiple linear regression and Z test show that organizational life-cycle strages have imposed moderate effect on the relationship between the affecting factors and disruptive innovation. The information by cumstors is insignificant relational to the disruptive innovation in late-strage while is significant positive to the disruptive innovation in early-strage. The formation and centralization of the firm are significant negative to disruptive in late-strage while are significant positive to disruptive in early strage. Cultural innovationess is significant positive to disruptive innovation all the long, yet the influence effects are larger in late-strage than in early-strage.(3) Multi-collinearity diagoses shows that the following practical activeties which are significant positive to recognize capacity including focusing more on future customer needs than on current customer needs, consulting innovative customers for new, interesting business ideas, gaining a wellfounded insight into the reasons why our non-customers aren’t our customers, studying the likely effect that changes in our business environment will have on our customers, studying the behavior of our customers throughout the different experience stages of our product/service (e.g. search, purchase, use, disposal), revealing trends in the behavior of our customers throughout the different experience stages of our product, studying how the different features of our products meet the needs of our customers throughout the different experience stages; the following practical activeties which are significant positive to assimilation capacity including focusing more on sharing our critical reflections about our customers or market with each other, frequently discussing the assumptions that we have about our customers or markets, frequently discussing the assumptions that we have about all aspects of our market(ing) approach; the following practical activeties which are significant positive to transformative capacity including focusing adapting the organizational structure to better cater the needs of a (planned) new offering, replacing our skills (competencies) to better cater the needs of a (planned) new offering, supporting new projects, even if they possibly may take away from sales of existing products, changing our ways of working to better cater the needs of a (planned) new offering(4)Partial least squares method (PLS) structural analysis shows that absorptive capacity can interprets 41.3% variation of the disruptivness of innovation, the totel effect of recognize capacity is the largest.(5)Correlation analysis shows that there is diversity in different organizational life-cycle strages. By carefully analyzing the disruptive innovation traps and the failure process of the large corporation, the paper indicates that the large enterprises are being unexpected rescued from a desperate situation in the face of the disrupting innovation.Compare with former studies, the main innovations of the thesis concentrate on thefollowing aspects.(1)Despite the increasing attention paid to disruptive innovation in literatures, studies in a dynamic view are still rare. Therefore, this paper took firm growth as a background and provided a new angle for researches on firm growth and the disruptive innovation.(2)The research puts forward the concept of detached-market low-end encroachment which gives a good interpretion to "high-price enigma" of disruptive innovation.(3)Up to now, the effects of market orentiation have not gained common sense in the disruptive theory. The research’s results give the evdences to support the arguments that market orentiation can drive the firms develop disruptive innovation.(4)Existing literatures have done nothing to analyze the relationship between the absortive capacity and disruptive innovation, and the intenal structure of absorptive capacity is unclear. This research put forword a partial mediation effects model, and we statistically testified the correctness of the model.更多还原