刑事辩护障碍原因析评

【作者】 汪贻飞；

【导师】 徐静村；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 刑事诉讼法， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 我国刑事辩护制度在实践中有萎缩之势，这引起了国内学者的广泛关注。从国内对该问题的研究现状来看，目前大多数学者的著作和论文倾向于将我国刑事辩护制度的障碍原因概括在以下两个方面：其一是立法本身不完善，许多关于律师权利的规定缺乏可操作性，例如仅仅笼统地规定律师享有会见权、通信权、阅卷权等相关权利，但却没有就这些权利的行使程序以及公安检察机关违法侵害这些权利的后果作出具体规定；其二是公安检察机关在实践中常以内部规定否定法律原则从而阻碍律师行使上述权利。当然也有些学者从文化和观念的角度来探究刑事辩护障碍的原因，但往往只是点到为止，语焉不详。这样一个问题一直困扰着笔者：如果从立法上完善律师的权利规定，是否就能消除这些障碍?是否就能解决实践中普遍存在的公安检察人员故意阻碍律师行使权利这个问题呢?我国96《刑事诉讼法》相较于79《刑事诉讼法》，在律师权利设计上不能不说有所进步，但是实践中却出现了“前进一小步，后退两大步”的现象?这说明过于相信甚至迷信立法，以为只要把法律设计好了就能行之有效的想法只是一种不切实际的幻想。国家的权利配置、政权组织形式、社会经济结构、以及文化观念都会对法律产生重要的影响。特别是文化观念，它总是以一种历史的惯性对社会生活的方方面面施以影响，尤其是法律。中国刑事辩护遭遇的障碍，与文化观念方面的关系甚为密切。本文将就这方面的问题着重加以分析。本文由五个部分组成。第一章主要是对我国刑事诉讼的产生、发展作出简要的考察，并提出本文的主旨：全面分析我国刑事辩护障碍存在的原因并提出相关解决措施，以期能够对我国的刑事诉讼立法，特别是辩护制度立法尽绵薄之力。第二章首先对我国刑事辩护现状进行考察，指出我国刑事辩护率比较低，且呈萎缩之势，我国刑事辩护制度存在障碍。其次，从实证的角度考查我国刑事辩护障碍之真正所在。通过对相关案件的分析，笔者指出我国刑事辩护障碍固然有法律规定不完善方面的原因，但是普遍存在于公安司法实践中的“有法不依”是造成我国刑事辩护遭遇障碍的表面原因，其根本原因在于我国目前的法制环境不完善，特别是律师的执业环境不完善。第三章主要是从文化的角度对我国刑事辩护的障碍产生的原因作出分析。我国固有的、历史地形成的“义务本位主义”使得辩护制度赖以生存的基础——“权利本位主义”很难在我国扎根并发展；我国传统的秩序本位主义以及其具体表现形式——被告人利益的客体化、法官角色的追诉化以及重实体轻程序，严重削弱了我国辩护的发展条件；追求“无讼”的文化观念不但使辩护制度赖以存在的基础——对抗主义难以深入民心，而且也对我国辩护律师的声誉产生消极影响，因而严重恶化了事辩护制度发展和完善的外部环境。第四章主要从观念的角度对我国刑事诉讼的障碍产生的原因作出分析。主要是分别从对立法机关、公安司法机关、民众以及律师的观念进行考察。立法机关对律师的防范观以及对公安司法机关的“性善论”推定，导致了我国诉讼立法上一方面对公安司法机关的程序性违法行为很少明确规定惩罚措施，另一方面对律师的行为加以限制，甚至规定了专门针对律师的“律师伪证罪”。我国法律职业共同体并未形成，公安机关、检察机关以及法院往往将律师视为自己事业成功的绊脚石，因而对律师采取敌视的态度，并百般阻挠律师权利的有效行使。民众因为律师的作用难以发挥而对律师采取一种轻视的态度，这削弱了辩护律师存在的社会基础。刑事辩护收费较低，风险和收益不成比例，以及司法腐败的猖獗，使刑事律师越来越丧失吸引力。第五章主要论述了克服这些障碍的对策和具体措施。在方法论上我们应当坚持系统论的观点，即坚持系统的、联系的、全面的观点，多角度去完善制度的方法面面。在具体措施上，首先应尽快培植我国的权利文化，培育刑事辩护的生存土壤；其次应加强理论传播，特别是宣传被告入主体理论、法官中立理论以及程序与实体并重理论，弱化我国固有的秩序本位主义观念；再次要努力建设中国的法律职业共同体，使法官、检察官、警官克服对律师的成见，营造一个良好的辩护环境；第四，应为辩护制度的发展创造良好的外部环境；最后，克服对律师加以防范的观念，并秉承国家机关“性恶论”假设，完善刑事辩护制度立法，赋予辩护人相应的权利，并确立完善的救济措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 The criminal defense system witnesses a gradual decline, whicharouses the wide concern of Chinese law scholars. But just from theessays I collected, I find a trend that most scholars are prone to take itfor granted that the obstacles to the criminal defense system mainlycaused by the following two reasons: firstly, the defects of thelegislation; and secondly, the intentionally practiced action that iscarried out by police and prosecutors so as to impetus the defenselawyers from exercising their rights. Although there are also prominentscholars who have tried to analyze, the causes of the obstacles to thedefense system from the viewpoint of culture and idea, they alwaysexplained and researched in a simple and abstract way.This author has pondered this question for a long time: if thelegislators have added more articles to improve the rights of defenselawyer, shall the obstacles be thoroughly eradicated? Shall the problemthat the rights of defense lawyers are always be intentionally halted bypolice and prosecutors will be thoroughly solved? Compared with theformer edition of the criminal procedure, the current one has made somegreat progress in the aspect of rights expansion, while in practice, thesituation makes no change at all, if any, that may be some retrogression.This illustration just shows that: besides the efforts that should be madeto perfect the legislation, we also should try to pay more attention to theresearch of culture and idea, which are the living environment of thesystem.This dissertation is made up of five parts:The first chapter gives us a general description of the history ofcriminal defense system, both home and abroad, and raises the questionthat this essay tries to deal with.The second chapter observes and studies the status quo of thepractice of china’s criminal defense, and points out the facts that theratio of hiring a defense lawyer is comparatively low, and the defensesystem has witness a gradual decline. This chapter also manages to findout the very obstacles that impetus the development of china’s defense system by using the method of empiricism. Through the analysis of thethree chosen cases, the author concludes that although the imperfectnessof the legislation plays an important role in the causes of the obstacles,the commonly existed phenomenon of "not act in accordance with law"is the deep-rooted cause, and the fundamental cause is that the currentlaw-run atmosphere of China saw many flaws, especially theimperfectness of the practicing environment of defense lawyers.The third chapter discusses mainly about the observation of thecauses of obstacles from the perspective of culture. China’s deep-rootedand historically formed "obligation oriented" idea undermined the livingbases of the defense system. China’s traditional "order oriented" idearuined the developing condition of the defense system. China’straditional culture of pursuing "no suit" seriously deteriorated the outeratmosphere of the defense system.The forth chapter tries to find the causes that result in the obstaclesto china’s defense system from the angle of idea. The idea that thelegislator held seriously ruined the legislation of criminal procedure,which confined the right scope of defense lawyer and enlarged thepower of police, prosecutors and so forth. The idea held by the police,prosecutors and judges made them act to hamper the exercise of therights of defense lawyers. The idea that cherished by the commonpeople and the defense lawyers themselves severely undermined thebasis of their development.The last chapter primarily focuses on the raising of suggestion thatis mean to consummate the building of china’s criminal defense systemfrom the angle of methodology and concrete measures. As for themethodology, we should keep to systematic theory, while we also shouldpromote some concrete measures to perfect this system. Firstly, weshould cultivate our rights-cherishing culture as soon as possible.Secondly, we should enforce the promulgating of some new theories.Thirdly, we should build the coherent unity of the legal profession,Fourthly, we should perfect the outer practicing environment of thecriminal defense.更多还原