【作者】 庞虎；

【导师】 陈答才；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 启蒙运动最早产生于西欧，是指以文艺复兴为起点的反对宗教神学，反对封建专制的资产阶级思想运动。而在中国，真正意义上的启蒙运动则兴起于鸦片战争之后，它以民族救亡为主题，以思想解放为形式，成为中国半殖民地半封建社会发展的重要动力。纵观中国历史特别是近现代史，每一次重大社会变革无不蕴含着思想启蒙的功绩。正是从这一意义上说，中国近现代史就是一部思想文化上的启蒙运动史。以史为镜可以鉴兴衰。在现代化发展的今天，重新评析中国启蒙运动的历史，不仅有助于了解近现代思想文化的发展轨迹，而且对于促进当前的思想解放和文化建设具有重要的借鉴意义。然而，现阶段学术界关于启蒙运动的探讨还存在很大的狭隘性，一般多局限于戊戌维新、五四运动等几次思想启蒙大潮的研究，而缺乏对诸多启蒙次潮的考察，因此割断了启蒙历史的逻辑联系。有鉴于此，本文在深入挖掘原始史料的基础上，对二十世纪三十年代的新启蒙运动作了力所能及的研究，力图在此领域有所突破。 全文共约四万字，分为三个部分： 第一部分：关于新启蒙运动的历史考察。主要从历史的角度考察该运动爆发的主要动因和发展历程。新启蒙运动的爆发主要基于三方面原因：一是民族危机日益严重；二是文化逆流肆意泛滥；三是新文化运动的任务并未完成。它于1936年9月发起，其间经历了倡导期——发展期——高潮期——收尾期四个阶段，于1939年底落下帷幕。 第二部分：关于新启蒙运动的思想评析。主要从思想文化的角度探析该运动的精神实质、思想特色及其历史地位。新启蒙运动的思想内涵是丰富而且深刻的，就精神实质而言，可以概括为三大内涵：思想文化上的爱国主义运动、自由民主运动和新文化的建设运动。它以“继承五四，超越五四”为口号，在扬弃以往启蒙运动的基础上，呈现出前所未有的新趋向，主要表现为五个方面：启蒙目标的现实化，启蒙武器的民族化，启蒙态度的理性化，启蒙主体的大众化，启蒙哲学的科学化。新启蒙运动作为特定历史条件的产物，必然受到当时客观环境的制约而被打上了时代的烙印。一方面，它一定程度上突破了“五四”启蒙的历史局限，促进了中华民族的新觉醒，并在客观上配合了马克思主义中国化的历史进程，奠定了新民主主义文化理论的基础，拉开了延安整风运动的序幕，在中国近现代思想文化史上具有承上启下的重要地位。另一方面也暴露了诸多思想弊端，主要表现为：主导信仰的缺失使马克思主义等科学思想并未真正深入人心；个性解放的 淡化使人们的个体价值受到埋没；封建批判的不彻底给以后的思想文化建设留下 了隐患。究其原因，主要是由于中国启蒙环境的特殊性、经济基础和领导力量的 脆弱性所致。 第三部分：关于新启蒙运动的现实启迪。主要从现实的角度分析该运动对当 前思想文化建设的借鉴意义。随着救亡使命的终结，围绕民族复兴和现代化建设， 思想启蒙也进入了一个崭新时期。“开放——创新——理性”的三位一体将成为新 时期启蒙思维的必然选择。坚持开放思维，主要包括两层含义：一是，思想无歧 视，塑造自由民主的文化氛围；二是，思想无国界，大胆吸收和借鉴国外文明的／优秀成果。坚持创新思维，主要包括两方面内容：一是，思想解放，塑造积极向 上的创新主体；二是制度革新，创造生动活泼的创新机制；坚持理性思维，主要 是遵循三大原则：真理性原则，实践性原则和渐进性原则。更多还原

【Abstract】 Enlightenment started from Rennaissance in Western Europe. However, in china, the enlightenment campaigns, in a strict sense, appeared after the Opium War and became the motive power of the semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. History can serve as mirror to reflect the rise & fall. Nowdays, the reevaluation of the history of Chinese ideological enlightenment not only helps to look into the trace of ideological &L cultural development, but also helps to guide the construction of socialist culture with Chinese features. Nevertheless, the study on enlightenment at present is very narrow and is only limited to several great campaigns such as Constitutional Reform & Modernization in 1898 and May 4th Movement etc. There is a lack of investigation of some other minor campaigns, thus the logical association of enlightenment history is broken. For this reason, in the thesis a study is carried out on the New Enlightenment in the 1930s on the basis of original historical material and attempts to make a breakthrough in this field. The thesis is divided into three parts.Part One: History investigation of New Enlightenment. The factors to be investigated are the main causes and developmental process viewed from the perspective of history. New Enlightenment broke out for three reasons: increasing national crisis; overflowing cultural countercurrent; and uncompleted new cultural movement. It was sponsored in September 1936 and had undergone four stages: sponsorship-development-climax-fading out. The curtain fell down at the end of 1939.Part Two: Analysis of New Enlightenment. The spiritual essence, ideological features and historical status are illuminated from the perspective of culture. In terms of spiritual essence, the enlightenment falls into three aspects: patriotism, democracy and construction of new culture. Its new tendency is reflected in five aspects: reality in goal, nationality in tool, reason in attitude, popularity in subject and science in philosophy, On the one hand, it plays an important role ininhistory of modern Chinese ideology and culture. On the other hand, it reveals some defects: lack of belief, indifference to the development of individual character, incomplete criticism of feudalism. The defects are caused by particular circumstances, economical foundation and weak leadership.Part Three: The realistic significance of New Enlightenment. The lessons from New Enlightenment are analyzed from the perspective of reality. Ideological enlightenment at present assumes a new aspect. The pattern "opening up-innovation-reason" will be the inexorable option in the enlightening thought at our times. Opening thought contains two respects: creating free and democratic environment and absorbing all the productions of civilization. The contents of innovation are thought liberation on the one hand and social system reform on the other. Rational thought means following the principles of truth, practice and gradualism.更多还原