【作者】 李响；

【导师】 孔敬；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古科技大学 ， 建筑学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 内蒙古黄河流域有着丰富的黄土层资源,自古以来就是人们在建造过程中就地取材的天然建筑材料,生土建筑作为黄河文化的物质遗存,直观表现了该地域的多元历史文化和人民的建造智慧。通过对内蒙古黄河流域的呼和浩特市、包头市、鄂尔多斯市、巴彦淖尔市等地区传统建造历史资料的收集、整理,发现几千年来这个地区有着丰富类型的生土建筑资源,从最原始的穴居到房址、长城、城墙、粮仓、祭坛、墓葬、寺庙、民居等多种生土建筑类型。按照历史时期发展顺序,通过对这些不同类型生土建筑的历史背景、主体结构、建造方式等方面的研究,来阐述这一地区生土建筑发展的规律,也为这一地区中华民族多元一体化的格局提供物质实证。本文研究的主要对象是沿黄地区历史时期生土建筑,主要指的是利用生土材料营建主体结构的建筑物、构筑物(如古长城、城墙、民居等),也指在原状土中挖凿的窑洞或利用生土、沙石掩盖的各类建筑物。根据资料的收集,研究的类型有房址、城墙、长城、祭坛、粮仓、寺庙和民居。本文从该地区的历史背景入手,按先秦时期(公元前221年前)、秦汉时期(公元前221年至公元220年)、魏晋南北朝(公元220年至公元581年)、辽金元时期(公元907年至公元1368年)、明清至建国前(公元1368年至公元1949年)时间段进行分类研究。使用文献研究法收集不同时期生土建筑的类型与建造方式。通过对历史时期的生土建筑建造历史资料的收集、归纳、分析,总结内蒙古沿黄地区各个历史时期生土建筑建造方式特点,梳理历史发展过程中生土建筑发展的轨迹和特点。各个时期的生土建筑建造通过制作图表的形式来进行表达。根据各个历史时期生土建筑建造方式的整理,在研究范围内的生土建筑类型主要有民居建筑、军事防御建筑、宗教建筑以及其他建筑粮仓、祭坛;主要的营建技艺有掩土技艺、夯土技艺、土坯技艺三大类,并总结出研究范围内建造类型的发展演变。掩土建筑主要用于房屋,技术没有很大的改变,只是在类型上进行了转变,从新石器时期、青铜时期、战国的半地穴房址上,到明清时期,窑洞式建筑成型。夯土建筑主要有直接夯筑和夯土版筑两种类型,直接夯筑用于房屋的墙体和房基上,体现在新石器时期、青铜时期地面式建筑,墙体由夯土筑成;元代房址的房基是由夯土筑成的。夯土版筑建造方式主要用于大型的防御性建筑城墙、长城的修筑,从战国一直延续到明清,直到明清砖的大量使用,在夯土墙的外侧包砌青砖,这一时期,使用纯净的黄土,灰土的使用增多,增强墙体的抗腐蚀能力,也是墙体的整体强度进一步的提升。根据收集的资料整理,土坯建筑出现比掩土建筑和夯土建筑晚一些,运用在房屋的墙体上,由战国简单的堆砌,元代土坯夹泥砌筑,到明清时期砖的大量使用,都提高了墙体的稳定性,使墙体更美观,更规整,也提高了保温性。虽然,在修建的技术上进行了改进,但是不变的是,建造的主要材料仍然是土。对于沿黄地区生土建筑类型多样性发展、技艺发展、居住建筑发展演变(类型、空间布局、地面、墙体、屋顶、装饰、材料方面)、军事防御建筑发展演变(空间、墙体、材料方面)进行了总结。在内蒙古沿黄地区生土建筑从原始时期至今一直存在,从新石器时期半地穴遗址、直接拍打的夯土墙体、龙山时代的窑洞式建筑,战国时期房址出现土坯堆砌墙体、军事防御建筑版筑技术的成熟;秦汉时期土坯开始用模具制作,土坯砖更规范化,砌筑方式也采用夹泥砌筑;到明清时期使用砖包土墙的方式,这一时期也出现宗教建筑,同样采用砖包土的形式,可以看出生土建筑使用越来越广泛,技术、材料也在一直改进提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Yellow River Basin in Inner Mongolia is rich in loess layer resources.Since ancient times,people have used local natural building materials in the construction process.As the material relics of the Yellow River culture,raw earth buildings intuitively show the diversified history and culture of the region and the construction wisdom of the people.Through the collection and sorting of the historical data of traditional construction in Hohhot,Baotou,Ordos,Bayannur and other areas in the Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia,it is found that this area has rich types of raw soil construction resources for thousands of years,from the most primitive cave dwelling to house sites,the Great Wall,city walls,granaries,altars,tombs,temples,folk houses and other types of raw soil construction.According to the development order of historical period,through the research on the historical background,main structure and construction mode of these different types of raw earth buildings,this thesis expounds the law of the development of raw earth buildings in this area,and also provides material evidence for the pluralistic integration pattern of the Chinese nation in this area.The main object of this thesis is the raw earth buildings in the historical period along the Yellow River,which mainly refers to the buildings and structures(such as ancient Great Wall,city wall,folk houses,etc.)with the main structure built with raw earth materials,and also refers to the caves dug in the undisturbed soil or various buildings covered with raw earth,sand and stone.According to the data collection,the types of research include house sites,city walls,the Great Wall,altars,granaries,temples and dwellings.Starting from the historical background of the region,this thesis makes a classified study according to the pre-Qin period(before 221 BC),the Qin and Han Dynasties(221 BC to 220 AD),the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties(220 AD to581 AD),the Liao,Jin and Yuan Dynasties(907 AD to 1368 AD),and the Ming and Qing Dynasties to before the founding of the people’s Republic of China(1368 AD to 1949 AD).Using literature research method to collect the types and construction methods of raw earth buildings in different periods.Through the collection,induction and analysis of historical data on the construction of raw earth buildings in historical periods,this thesis summarizes the characteristics of the construction methods of raw earth buildings in various historical periods in the Yellow River region of Inner Mongolia,and combs the development tracks and characteristics of raw earth buildings in the process of historical development.The construction of raw earth buildings in each period is expressed in the form of charts.According to the arrangement of the construction methods of raw earth buildings in various historical periods,the types of raw earth buildings in the research scope mainly include residential buildings,military defense buildings,religious buildings and other building granaries and altars;The main construction techniques are earth covering technique,ramming technique and adobe technique,and the development and evolution of construction types within the research scope are summarized.Earth covering buildings are mainly used for houses.There is no great change in technology,but only a change in type.From the semi underground cave sites in the Neolithic age,the bronze age and the Warring States period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties,cave buildings have taken shape.Rammed earth buildings mainly have two types: direct ramming and rammed earth plate construction.Direct ramming is used on the wall and foundation of houses,which is reflected in the ground buildings in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.The walls are made of rammed earth;The foundation of the house site in the Yuan Dynasty was made of rammed earth.The rammed earth plate construction method is mainly used for the construction of large-scale defensive buildings,such as the city wall and the Great Wall.From the Warring States period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties,until the Ming and Qing Dynasties,when bricks were widely used,and green bricks were wrapped on the outside of the rammed wall.During this period,pure loess was used,the use of lime soil increased,which enhanced the corrosion resistance of the wall,and also further improved the overall strength of the wall.According to the collected data,Adobe buildings appeared later than earth covering buildings and rammed earth buildings.They were used on the walls of houses.From the simple stacking in the Warring States period,the adobe mixed with mud in the Yuan Dynasty,to the extensive use of bricks in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,they all improved the stability of the walls,made them more beautiful,more orderly,and improved the thermal insulation.Although the construction technology has been improved,the main material for construction is still soil.It summarizes the development of the diversity of the types of raw earth buildings,the development of skills,the development and evolution of residential buildings(types,spatial layout,ground,wall,roof,decoration and materials)and the development and evolution of military defense buildings(space,wall and materials)along the Yellow River.In the area along the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia,raw earth buildings have existed since the primitive period,from the semi cave site in the Neolithic period,the rammed earth wall directly patted,the cave building in the Longshan era,to the house site in the Warring States period,the maturity of adobe stacking wall and military defense building plate construction technology;During the Qin and Han Dynasties,Adobe began to be made with molds,adobe bricks were more planned,and the masonry method was also built with mud;In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the way of brick wrapped adobe wall was used.Religious buildings also appeared in this period,which also used the form of brick wrapped earth.It can be seen that raw earth buildings are more and more widely used,and the technology and materials are constantly improved.更多还原