【作者】 孙广辉；

【导师】 刘晨光； 田爽；

【作者基本信息】 中国石油大学(华东) ， 化学工程（专业学位）， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 随着原油开采深度的不断延伸,原油中的酸、硫、氯等杂质含量不断增高,对原油加工的要求越来越高,其导致的腐蚀问题越来越受重视。原油中无机氯化物多是天然存在的,而有机氯化物除天然存在外,多是随原油开采、加工过程中添加的助剂所带来的。氯可分布原油及全馏分油,并且在重馏分中的含量高于轻馏分。这种全馏分分布对炼油装置的长周期安全平稳运行构成了严重威胁,比如,装置设备、管线腐蚀、氯化铵结晶造成设备堵塞、催化剂中毒等。针对炼厂加工高氯原油面临的安全问题,本文从技术上分析、从管理上规范的角度出发,主要在以下方面进行了尝试:(一)选择以燃料型炼油加工方案作为分析对象,采用风险矩阵法,分析炼厂氯腐蚀部位的危害概率和危害程度,发现常减压装置电脱盐单元、三塔顶系统,加氢装置反应出口换热器、高压空冷及分馏塔顶系统、循环氢系统,催化裂化装置塔顶系统、顶循系统,焦化装置分馏塔顶,污水汽提装置等部位氯腐蚀严重。根据全厂工艺流程与腐蚀机理,对氯腐蚀风险把控部位进行分级,形成列表。(二)以典型炼厂为例,结合氯腐蚀分布、机理与风险识别清单,研究加工高氯原油在管理、技术上的防控措施,原油加工以预防有机氯为主,加工方案以掺炼为主,调整加工流程,加强对原料油/馏分油的有机氯含量监测,尽量避免加氢装置原料含量超标。(三)制定和完善高氯原油加工可能出现事故的应急体系,并以常减压装置为例,制定了具体的氯腐蚀事故应急预案,提高车间处置氯腐蚀突发事件的能力,迅速有效地控制和处理突发事故,保障员工和公司财产安全。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the continuous expansion of crude oil exploitation,the content of impurities such as acid,sulfur,and chlorine in crude oil is increasing.The requirement for processing crude oil is getting higher and higher,and the corrosion problems caused by it are even more concerned.The chlorides in crude oil are mainly divided into two types: inorganic chlorides and organic chlorides.Inorganic chlorides are naturally occurring,and organic chlorides,besides their natural presence,are mostly accompanied by additives added during the exploitation and processing of crude oil.Chlorine can distribute crude oil and whole distillates,and it is higher in heavy fractions than in light fractions.This full fraction distribution poses a serious threat to the long-term safe and smooth operation of the oil refinery,such as corrosion of equipment and pipelines,crystallization of ammonium chloride leading to plugging of equipment and poisoning of catalyst and so on.In view of the safety issues faced by refineries processing crude oil with high chloride content,the following aspects were studied in terms of technical analysis and management.(1)The fuel-type oil refinery processing procedure was selected as the analysis object,and the risk matrix method was used to analyze the hazard probability and harm degree of the chloride corrosion positions of the refinery.It was found that chloride corrosion is serious in these locations including electric desalting unit,three-column top system of crude oil atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit,reactor outlet heat exchanger of hydrotreating unit,high pressure air cooling and fractionation tower top system,recycle hydrogen system,catalytic cracking unit column top system,top pumparouds system,fractionation tower top of coking unit,sewage stripper.According to whole plantflow process and corrosion mechanism,risk control locations of chloride corrosion were classified and a classification list was formed.(2)Taking a typical refinery as an example,combined with the chloride corrosion distribution,mechanism and risk identification list,management and technical prevention and control measures were studied for processing high-chloride crude oil,including preventing organic chloride and blending when processing crude oil,adjusting process flow,strengthening monitoring of organic chloride content in crude oil/distillate,and trying to avoid exceeding feed standard of hydrotreating unit.(3)In order to improve the ability of workshop in handling the incidents of chloride corrosion,quickly and effectively control and handle emergencies and ensure employees’ safety and company’s property,emergency system were formulated and improved for handling possible accidents in the processing of high-chloride crude oil.Besides,as for crude oil unit,specific emergency plans were formulated.更多还原