【作者】 胡丹；

【导师】 李胜渝；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 法律史， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 民国成立，法制未定，故初期较多援用清末修律之成果，有利被告原则的内容也被相应援用并运用于实践，于近代中国人权保障有开创性意义。有利被告原则起源于古罗马法“有疑，为被告人之利益”之法谚，其法律表达为古罗马法疑罪从无、一事不再理、程序正义、辩护制度等相关原则与制度。故其内涵可概括为案件存在事实认定或法律认定的疑问时，宜采有利被告之选择。民国政府相继经历了南京临时政府、北京政府以及南京国民政府三个历史阶段，故有利被告原则的法律确立也经历了这三个时期的发展，相关原则与制度更为完善，如无罪推定原则、司法独立原则、律师制度、检察制度以及证据制度等。人权保障的观念得到空前重视，民主、法治的精神广为传播。然制度发展并不是一帆风顺的，过程中也曾出现违背有利被告思想的单行法及特别法，甚至出现倒退的状况，这都是特定历史时期的必然表现，特别是南京国民政府时期“党治”色彩浓厚，以党治国成为立法原则及指导思想，特别是在针对共产党人所制定的一系列单行法规中彻底抛弃了人权观念，甚至将法律作为其控制共产党人之武器，设立感化院、反省院等完全不利被告的制度，使得该时期的刑事法律极端法西斯化。此外，有利被告原则在这三个时期的实施情况也应辩证地看待。有因为社会关注度高而合理运用该原则之姚荣泽案，有严格依照法律保障被告合法权益之日本邮便局包裹案，也有迫于舆论压力而不得不贯彻该原则之七君子案，但也有任意操纵司法罔顾该原则之恶性案件。然新事物之发展都是呈螺旋式上升的，有利被告原则的实施虽遭遇重重困难，但该原则的精神以及司法上人人平等的人权观念却在众多司法者的努力下深入人心。由是以言，民国时期有利被告原则的实施亮点足以为训，如司法实践中的人道主义、实行无罪推定否定司法专横、精英司法等，然其实施的不足也应引以为鉴，如流于律文表面的司法公开公正、行政干预司法、专制统治的特别立法等。以古观今，当前司法改革重心之一即是保障人权，故有利被告原则的确立至为关键，因为没有相应的司法制度作为依托，人权保障只能是“镜中花、水中月”。同样只有切实贯彻执行有利被告原则的相关制度，才能有效预防冤假错案的发生。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the Republic of China was founded and not well legislated, the laws of late QingDynasty were followed as before. Including the benefit principle to the defendant, which has agroundbreaking meaning for the protection of human rights in modern China.The benefit principle to the defendant originated from the saying in the law of AncientRome, which is “in dubio pro reo”. In the law of Ancient Rome, there are principles andsystems such as procedural justice and defense system. So briefly, when a case remainsdoubtful, the benefit principle to the defendant should be applied.The benefit principle to the defendant developed through the three periods of Republic ofChina (Nanjing Provisional Government, Beijing Government and Nanjing NationalGovernment) and became more improved. Systems and principles like presumption ofinnocence, independence of judicature, lawyer system, public procuration system andevidence system. The concept of human rights protection earned a widespread respect and thespirit of democracy as well as rule of law spread wide and far across the country. However,the development of legal system didn’t go off smoothly. During these periods, some specificlaws, which go against the benefit principle to the defendant appeared, but these were certainresults in such specific periods. In Nanjing National Government, ruling a country by apolitical party became the philosophy of legislation. Especially in some specific laws againstcommunists, the concept of human rights was totally abandoned and these laws were used tocontrol communists. Also, house of correction and reformatory were established. All theseperformances made the domination of Nanjing National Government become an extremefascistization.On the other hand, the implementation of the benefit principle to the defendant should beviewed dialectically in these three periods. There were cases such as “case of Yao Rong Ze”and”case of Japanese post office” in which the benefit principle to the defendant was wellapplied, but there were also cases like “case of seven gentlemen” in which the benefitprinciple to the defendant is flagrantly trampled. The development of the benefit principle tothe defendant is rough and bumpy, but through the efforts of many judicial officers, the spiritof it and the concept of equality before the law are widely spread.So, to evaluate the implementation of the benefit principle to the defendant, we shouldkeep what is good and discard the rest. As for today, one of the key points in judicial reform is to protect human rights. The establishment of the benefit principle to the defendant is veryimportant because if not, the protection of human rights will only be a beautiful reflection inthe mirror. And to implement the benefit principle to the defendant practically is the only wayto prevent wrongful convictions effectively.更多还原