【作者】 徐盈；

【导师】 习向银；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 植物营养学， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 重庆烟区主要包括四区(黔江区、万州区、涪陵区、南川区)和八县(武隆、石柱、彭水、酉阳、丰都、巫山、巫溪、奉节),该区域内具有独特的自然气候条件,所产烟叶独具山地特色,为众多卷烟企业所青睐。近年来,由于生产管理水平和生产技术的提高,重庆烟叶质量有了显著改善。但是,目前该区域内因烟株前期生长极为缓慢和干物质累积少等严峻的生产问题,导致了重庆烟叶面临烟叶产量低和品质差的局面。因此,本文采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,在重庆市主要植烟区(县)巫山县,对烤烟前期生长的关键调控技术进行了田间研究。通过2011年-2013年在重庆市巫山烤烟前期布置了移栽期、覆膜及移栽方式、施肥类型及施肥方式等田间试验,探索了多项关键调控技术对烤烟前期的生理生长、养分吸收及产质的影响,为重庆烤烟前期早生快发提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下(1)在重庆地区适时移栽(巫山笃坪乡,5月20日)对烤烟前期的最大叶长、最大叶宽及株高、茎围、节距和有效叶片数、各部位和整株干重、烟叶化学成分协调性以及土壤微生物活性均表现出明显的促进效应,且适时移栽(巫山,5月20日)显著增加了烤烟经济效益,具体表现比推迟20天的产量、产值、上中等烟比例分别增加了666kg/hm2、11950.50元/hm2、15.44%。因此,在该试验条件下,有利于烤烟前期早生快发和烟叶产质形成的最佳移栽期为5月20日。(2)在重庆地区适宜的覆膜及移栽方式(双垄膜上移栽：DRFS)明显提高了移栽后30d-40d烤烟烟叶和整株中氮磷素及移栽后20d-30d烤烟烟叶和整株中钾素的吸收量。就产值、产量、上等烟比例而言,DRFS比NFS(壮苗裸栽)的提高了49.3%、41.2%、7.4%,具体差值分别为17922.00元/hm2、679.5kg/hm2、5.8%。此外,DRFS显著地增加了烤烟40d耕层土壤的气相率和显著地降低了土壤容重。最后,采用DRFS,对植烟前期抗逆能力、根系形态建成、土壤微生物活性均表现出明显的促进效应,并且DRFS对地温增加最为明显,其变化范围在0.48-1.70°C,其中对10-25cm的土层增加温度幅度在1.5°C左右。(3)在重庆地区,在移栽后40d处理(调整烟草专用肥穴施比例至40%并且所有穴施肥料均以水溶态施入：L0.4)和处理(调整烟草专用肥穴施比例至40%并且所有穴施肥料均以固态施入：S0.4)对烤烟的株高和最大叶长、叶宽、氮磷钾吸收量表现较表现尤为明显。处理(L0.4)明显提高了产值和产量,分别是处理(S0.2)的1.12倍、1.12倍,且分别提高了7118.10元/hm2、303.00kg/hm2。处理(L0.4)和处理(S0.4)能明显提高各部位烟叶的钾氯比和中上部烟叶氮碱比,而且两者的中上部烟叶糖氮比比较协调。处理(L0.4)和处理(S0.4)也显著提高了烤烟前期根系活力、可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶活性和降低膜透性,显著提高了移栽后30天和40d时的根系形态建成指标值,增加了烤烟前期土壤微生物碳氮含量和微生物群落数量。(4)在重庆地区,在移栽后30d和移栽后40d,烤烟株高和最大叶长、叶宽均以处理(N：P：K=10：30：20)增加最为明显。在移栽后30d处理(10：30：20)开始对烤烟根茎氮磷钾吸收有明显促进作用,在移栽后20d开始对烤烟烟叶和整株氮磷钾吸收有明显促进作用,而且在所有处理中,对于烤烟前期各个器官和整株氮磷钾吸收而言,均以处理(10：30：20)最高。与对照相比,10：30：20处理的产值增加了16312.50元/hm2,产量增加了285.75kg/hm2。此外,10：30：20处理能明显提高中部叶的钾氯比和氮碱比。最后,10：30：20处理显著提高了烤烟前期根系活力、可溶性糖含量、过氧化氢酶活性,以及显著促进了移栽后40d的根系形态建成。(5)在重庆地区,移栽后30d和移栽后40d的株高和最大叶长均以处理(Mg10)、处理(Mg5)、处理(Mg5B2)和处理(B2)促生效应较好,且对烤烟前期氮磷钾吸收量有促进作用,尤其是茎、叶和整株。处理(Mg10)和处理(Mg5B2)显著提高了烤烟前期抗逆能力和促进了根系形态建成。在所有处理中,以处理(Mg5B2)的产值、产量最佳。与对照相比,处理(Mg5B2)的产值增加了4703.57元/hm2,产量增加了174.42kg/hm2。而且处理(Mg5B2)能明显提高中部叶的钾氯比和氮碱比。总之,综合来看,处理(Mg5B2)即烟草专用复合肥+硼镁肥(5kg MgNO3+2kg硼砂/667m2)更有利于烤烟前期生长和烟叶产质的形成。综上所述,适时移栽、双垄覆膜移栽及合理的施肥方法等关键技术都能不同程度地促进烤烟前期生长发育与品质形成。其具体的主要关键技术要点为适时移栽(在该试验条件下,5月20日较为合适)、双垄壮苗膜上移栽、调整烟草专用肥穴施比例至40%并且所有穴施肥料均以水溶态施入、使用高磷钾提苗肥(10：30：20)、以及因地制宜增施硼镁肥。通过这些关键技术,能协调烤烟前期烟株营养生长和增加干物质积累量,提高生理抗性,增加产值并改进烟叶品质,为重庆烤烟早生快发提供可操作的技术支持。更多还原

【Abstract】 Flue-cured tobacco zones of Chongqing mainly include four districts (Qianjiang District, Wanzhou District, Fuling District and Nanchuan) and eight counties (Wulong, Shizhu, Pengshui, Youyang, Fengdu, Wushan, Wuxi and Fengjie).The region has a unique and natural climate, The tobacco with montanic characteristics in the region was preferred for many cigarette companies. In recent years, with the improvement of production management and production technology, the quality of flue-cured tobacco in Chongqing has been significantly improved. However, there were severe production problems of extremely slow growth of tobacco plants and lower accumulation of dry matter in earlier growth stage, resulting in a low yield and poor quality of flued-cured tobacco in Chongqing. Therefore, in Wushan, which was one of major flue-cured tobacco zones in Chongqing, the methods of field trials and laboratory analysis were adopted in this paper, and the regulation of key control techniques on early growth of flue-cured tobacco were studied in the field. During early growth stage of flue-cured tobacco, transplanting date, methods of pasties film mulching and transplanting, fertilizer types and fertilization methods of field experiments were arranged in Wushan from2011to2013. We have explored the effects of a number of key technologies on physiological regulation of tobacco growth, nutrient uptake, yield and quality. It provided a scientific basis for rapid growth of flue-cured tobacco during early growth stage in Chongqing. Major experimental results were as follows:(1) In Chongqing, timely transplanting (Duping in Wushan, May20th) exhibited obviously motivating effects on a maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, plant height, stem girth, effective number of leaves, the pitch, dry weights of various organs and the whole plant, leaf chemical composition coordination and microbial activity of soil. And timely transplanting (Wushan, May20th) also significantly increased the economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco. The yield, the value and middle and upper grade proportion of timely transplanting (May20th) was respectively increased by666kg/hm2,11950.50yuan/hm2,15.44%, compared with those delayed20days. Therefore, under experimental conditions, the treatment (May20th) is conducive to rapid growth during early stage and the formation of economic traits of flue-cured tobacco in Wushan.(2) In Chongqing, suitable methods of plastic film mulching and transplanting (the treatment of transplanting strong tobacco seedlings into double ridges with plastic film mulching, was named DRFS) significantly increased nitrogen and phosphorus contents of flue-cured tobacco leaves and whole plants when plants were transplanted during30days to40days, and also increased potassium uptake of flue-cured tobacco leaves and whole plants when plants were transplanted during20days to30days. For yield and value and upper grade proportion, DRFS increased by49.3%,41.2%,7.4%, as compared with NFS(the treatment of transplanting strong tobacco seedlings with no plastic film mulching). The different values on yield and value and upper grade proportion of DRFS compared with NFS was respectively17,922.00yuan/hm2,679.5kg/hm2,5.8%. In addition, DRFS significantly increased air rates of topsoil and reduced soil bulk density of topsoil when plants were transplanted for40days. Finally, the treatment of DRFS exhibited obviously promoting effects on the ability of resistance to adversity and the fomation of root morphogenesis and microbial activity during early growth stage in flued-cured tobacco. DRFS also significantly increased ground temperature, compared with other treatments. The range of variation of the ground temperature (25cm below) for DRFS was0.48-1.70℃, and soil temperature of10-25cm for DRFS increased by about1.5℃.(3) In Chongqing, the treatments (one treatment was named L0.4, which accounted for40%of total tobacco specialty fertilizer with fertilizer application in the form of liquid. the other treatment was named S0.4, which accounted for40%of total tobacco specialty fertilizer with fertilizer application in the form of solid) had particularly evident differences on plant height, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium when plants were transplanted for40days. The treatment (L0.4) significantly increased the value and yield, which were1.12times,1.12times of those of the treatment (the treatment was named S0.2, which accounted for20%of total tobacco specialty fertilizer with fertilizer application in the form of solid), and they were increased by7118.10yuan/hm2,303.00kg/hm2. The treatment (L0.4) and the treatment (S0.4) significantly improved the ratio of potassium to chlorine in three positons of tobacco leaves, the ratio of total nitrogen to nicotine in the upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco. And the ratio of total sugar to nicotine of treatment (L0.4) and treatment (S0.4) were more coordinated in middle and upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco. The two treatments also significantly increased root activity, root morphology, soluble sugar content, peroxidase activity and reduced membrane permeability of flue-cured tobacco when plants were transplanted for30days and40days. Furthermore, the two treatments increased the contents of microbial carbon and nitrogen and the number of microbial communities during early growth stage in flue-cured tobacco.(4) In Chongqing, plant height, maximum leaf length and maximum leaf width of the treatment (it meaned that the ratio of NPK was equal to10:30:20, was named10:30:20) were significantly increased when plants were transplanted for30days and40days. The treatment of10:30:20had obviously promoting effects on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium of root and stem when plants were transplanted during30days to40days. And the treatment of10:30:20had also obviously promoting effects on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium of tobacco leaves and whole plant when plants were transplanted during20days to40days. Comared with other treatments, the treatment of10:30:20had most obviously promoting effects on the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium of different organs and whole plant during early growth stage of flue-cured tobacco. Compared with CK, the value and yield of the treatment of10:30:20respectively increased by16312.50yuan/hm-and285.75kg/hm-. In addition, the treatment of10:30:20could significantly improve the ratio of potassium to chlorine and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine in the middle of tobacco leaves. Finally, the treatment of10:30:20significantly increased root activity, soluble sugar content and catalase activity, and promoted the fomation of root morphology when plants were transplanted for40days.(5) In Chongqing, the treatment of Mg10), the treatment of Mg5, the treatment of Mg5B2and the treatment of B2had more obviously on promoting effects on plant height and maximum leaf length when plants were transplanted for30days and40days, and also distinctly increased the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium of flue-cured tobacco, especially in stems, leaves and whole plants during early growth stage. The treatment of Mg10and the treatment of Mg5B2significantly increased the ability of resistance to adversity and promoted the fomation of root morphogenesis. Compared with other treatments, yield and value of the treatment of Mg5B2is highest. Compared with CK, value and yield of the treatment of Mg5B2increased by4703.57yuan/hm2,174.42kg/hm2And the treatment of Mg5B2could significantly improve the ratio of potassium to chlorine and the ratio of total sugar to nicotine in middle of tobacco leaves. In short, the treatment of Mg5B2(MgNO310kg/667m2and Borax2kg/667m2)was more conducive to rapid growth in early stage and the formation of value and yield of flue-cured tobacco.In summary, above key technologies such as timely transplanting, strong tobacco seedlings into double ridges with plastic film mulching transplanting and rational fertilization methods promoted rapid growth during early stage and the formation of value and yield and the harmony of chemical components of flue-cured tobacco in varying degrees. The specific key technologies points were timely transplanting (with the condition of the experiment, May20th is more appropriate in Wushan), strong tobacco seedlings into double ridges with plastic film mulching transplanting, fertilizer application (which accounted for40%of total tobacco specialty fertilizer with fertilizer application in the form of liquid), a fertilizer of high phosphorus and potassium contents (It meaned that the ratio of NPK was equal to10:30:20), and increasing boron and magnesium fertilizer under the local soil conditions. Through these key technologies, we can coordinate early growth and increase dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco, improve physiological resistance, increase yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. And it provided operational and technical support for rapid growth during early stage flue-cured tobacco in Chongqing.更多还原