苗族民歌的变迁研究

【作者】 高添；

【导师】 柯琳；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 少数民族音乐研究， 2012， 硕士

【摘要】 苗族是一个历史悠久的民族,其大杂居、小聚居的特点使得苗族的音乐文化呈现不同的地域特色。而在一贯的概念中,研究苗族音乐是很困难的。因为苗族有七百多万人口,又分布在贵州、四川、云南、关系、湖南、湖北、广东等地,其“小聚居、大分散”又都是崇山峻岭,交通闭塞。所谓“十里不同风、百里不同俗”。每一个地方的苗族同胞,都有自己相对独立的从生活空间。每个村寨就算歌类相同,如山歌、情歌、酒歌、祭祀歌、古歌、鬼师歌,每个村寨的旋律音调也不相同。所以,在研究苗族的音乐文化时,只有不断的再时间上持续,空间上拓展,就是不断在“点”上深入,在“面”上拓展,最终才能获得对一个民族音乐文化较为全面的了解和认识。在黔东南自治州有很多村寨已经把音乐文化现象作为一种吸引经济发展的旅游项目,许多村寨也被政府开发成旅游村。但是地处贵州省黔东南自治州剑河县与台江县交界——巫溜村,由于地理位置偏僻,交通十分不便,所以是一个不为人知的小村寨。虽然在典型的农耕社会里,苗族一系列文化现象都十分兴盛,民歌也有其独特的演唱方式,但是随着价值观念的变迁,青年们纷纷外出读书、工作,原有的社会结构也逐渐解体,民歌逐渐衰落下来。但是随着人们的保护传统文化意识增强,民歌在21世纪之后才逐渐复苏与兴起,由于政府的政策参与,原有的民歌演唱也随之受到了改变,变迁现状己由过去在村寨中的唱歌转变为多种演唱方式并存,而多种演唱方式的并存是一把“双刃剑”,影响着民歌和民歌手演唱各个方面的变迁。而文化的变迁是怎样改变的,不仅有政治的原因、还有经济的原因,文化自身的原因。本文通过考察与研究,以巫溜村为个案,对民歌进行细致的分析,并对民歌当代的变迁进行详尽的阐述,最后对民歌文化面对方式这样的变迁现状应当如何应对,提出相应的建议。全文主要分为四个部分：绪论：简要介绍的田野工作田野点的选择原因、并讨论研究的价值与意义、范围与对象、及研究方法。第一章：概述巫溜的历史与地理、信仰与生活,其次,从巫溜当地民歌现状入手,考察巫溜现存民歌曲调,并探讨民歌社会的互动关系。第二章：对其民歌曲调音乐形态进行剖析。根据笔者田野工作搜集的第一手资料,对音乐的音阶调式、核心音调、曲式结构特点进行细致的分析。是对以往苗族民歌曲调的补充。第三章：总结传统民歌与现代民歌演唱变迁的不同之处,以剑河县仰阿莎文化节民歌大赛为例,细致的观察与访谈,民歌与民歌手各个方面的变化。第四章：变迁原因分析。是由政治、经济、文化三方面的影响造成的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Hmong is a long history of people, the large mixed characteristics of the Small settlements makes the Hmong music cultures in different geographical characteristics. In the usual concept of Miao music is very difficult. The Hmong have a population of over seven million distributed in Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, relationship, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and other places, the small settlements, large dispersion "are the mountains, blocking traffic. The so-called "ten different air, different customs Barry". The people of Miao nationality in every place, there is relatively independent from the living space. Each village even if the song of the same class, such as folk songs, love songs, drinking songs, worship songs, ancient songs, ghost division song, the melody tone for each village is not the same. Therefore, in the study of the musical culture of the Miao, the only constant time, continuous space to expand on the "point" is the continuous in-depth expansion of the "surface", and ultimately to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the musical culture of a nation and awareness.Many villages have been music and cultural phenomenon as a way to attract economic development, tourism projects in the Southeast Autonomous Prefecture, many villages also been developed into a tourist village. Jianhe County, Southeast Autonomous Prefecture, located in Guizhou Province, Taijiang County at the junction-the witch slipped village, geographically isolated, the traffic is very inconvenient, so it is an unknown small village. In a typical farming community, the Hmong cultural phenomenon flourished, folk songs also has its own unique singing style, but with changing values, young people have to go out to study, work, the original social structure gradually disintegrated, folk songs gradually fading down. However, with the people of the protection of traditional cultural awareness, folk songs in the21st century, after the gradual recovery and the rise of the participation of the Government’s policy, the original folk songs also will be changed, changes the status quo has been singing in the village in the past into a variety of concert coexist, the coexistence of a variety of singing style is a "double-edged sword", affects all aspects of folk songs and folk singer singing changes. The cultural change is how to change, not only has its own political reasons, economic reasons, cultural reasons. Through investigation and research to the witch slipped the village as a case, a careful analysis of the folk songs and folk songs of contemporary changes in the detailed description, and finally on the folk song culture to face this way changes the status quo should be how to deal with and make recommendations accordinglyThe full text is divided into four parts:Introduction:a brief introduction to the field work field point selection reasons, and discuss the value and significance of the study, scope and object, and research methods.Chapter1:Overview witch slip history and geography, faith and life, followed by local folk song status quo to start from the witch slipped investigated witch slipped existing folk tunes, and to explore the social interaction of folk songs.Chapter II:The music of folk tunes morphological analyzes. According to the author field work to collect first-hand information, a careful analysis of the chromatic tuning of the music, the core tone, musical form and structural characteristics. Is the complement of the past Miao folk tunes.Chapter3:Summary of traditional folk songs and folk songs change at Jianhe County Yang Asha Cultural Festival folk song contest, for example, careful observation and interviews, folk songs and folk singers in all aspects of the change.Chapter Four:Changes reason. Is caused by the political, economic, and cultural implications.更多还原