【摘要】 本文在简要回顾化学反应过程有限时间热力学研究的基础上,从海基合成燃油系统的碳、氢源捕获子系统各单元（包括电化学海水酸化单元,酸化海水CO₂捕集单元,氢气（H₂）获取单元）、燃料催化合成子系统各单元（包括"长链烃裂解"合成燃油技术路径中逆水气变换单元反应器、费托合成单元反应器,"短链烃聚合"合成燃油技术路径中CO₂氢化合成低碳烯烃单元反应器、烯烃齐聚单元反应器）性能研究方面介绍了其热力学分析与优化研究进展.研究工作结合热力学、传热学、流体力学、化学反应动力学、最优控制理论和多目标优化方法,建立模型,优化性能,探索海基合成燃油系统关键单元的热设计与优化问题.由浅入深,从建立热源温度完全可控的一维活塞流反应器模型到建立考虑真实热源载热工质的二维拟均相反应器模型;由可逆模型到不可逆模型,从建立经典平衡态热力学模型到建立考虑多种不可逆因素的有限时间热力学模型;由单目标优化到多目标优化,从熵产生率最小和比熵产生率（对目标产物产率平均的熵产生率）最小的单目标优化到综合考虑目标产物产率最大和熵产生率最小、出口平均转化率最高和最大径向温差最小的多目标优化.本文取得了一些具有重要理论意义和实用价值的研究成果,可为海基合成燃油系统的设计与优化提供科学依据和理论指导.下一步的发展方向是实现两个子系统和全系统与关键单元集成的构形热力学优化.更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper provides a brief introduction to the finite-time thermodynamic studies performed for chemical reaction processes. The research progress in the thermodynamic analyses and optimizations of the key component units in the two subsystems of the seabased fuel synthesis system are described. This paper describes the component units in the carbon-and hydrogen-capture subsystems（i.e., the modules on the electrochemical acidification of seawater, extraction of CO₂ in the acidic seawater, and production of hydrogen）. This paper also describes the component units in the catalytic synthesis subsystems, which include the reverse water gas shift unit reactor and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit reactor in the fuel synthesis technological pathway of long-chain hydrocarbon cracking; the subsystem also includes the CO₂ hydrogenation of light olefins unit reactor and the olefins oligomerization unit reactor in the fuel synthesis technological pathway of short-chain hydrocarbon polymerization. Modeling and performance optimizations were performed, and the thermal design and optimization for the key component units of the sea-based fuel synthesis system were explored by combining the thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, optimal control theory, and multiple-objective optimization methods. From shallow to deep, a one-dimensional plug-flow reactor model（with a completely temperature-controlled heat reservoir） and a two-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous reactor model（with a real heat reservoir） were established; high-temperature helium was employed as the heat carrier. From the reversible to irreversible models, the classical equilibrium thermodynamic model and finite-time thermodynamic model that considers various irreversible factors were established.From a single objective to multiple-objective optimizations, the optimizations were performed for single objectives, including the minimum entropy generation rate and minimum specific entropy generation rate（i.e., the entropy generation rate averaged by the production rate of target products）, and multiple-objectives by comprehensively considering the production rate of the target products’ maximization and entropy generation rate minimization. The outlet mean conversion rate maximization and maximum radial temperature difference minimization were performed. Some results with important theoretical significances and application values were obtained, which can provide the scientific bases and theoretical guidelines for the design and optimization for the sea-based fuel synthesis systems. One of the important developmental trends was the constructal thermodynamic optimization for the two subsystems and the integration of the full sea-based fuel synthesis system with the component units.更多还原