【作者】 李景豹；

【导师】 王树义；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法学理论（司法文明）， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 传统司法模式在环境资源案件的适用中,易出现“违法者服刑受罚、生态环境损害犹在、政府无奈治理、民众最终埋单”等司法治理困境,表面来看司法发挥了对违法者的法律打击与责任追究功能,但从实质层面来看其未能实现环境司法的实质公平和生态正义。生态环境恢复性司法的提出,就是为了应对传统司法模式在特殊的生态环境案件中的错位性、治理困境及弥补现实的迫切需要。其因司法实践中的个案探索推动而生,有着明显的实践先导性,同时也要解决当前生态环境恢复性司法实践中存在的直接法理依据研究薄弱、学理研究集中于环境刑事治理措施方面、概念范围模糊等理论问题和发展状态的不平衡性、类案适用的差异性、法律责任统筹化适用程度低等实践问题,以规范生态环境司法秩序引导实践发展。作为根植于我国当前环境司法实践的一项新的司法理念及模式,其摆脱了人类中心主义观念束缚,将人类社会与生态环境作为一个法益保护的生命共同体,注重对公共生态环境、当代人的环境权益及未来后代人、其他生物种群的生存发展权以同等保护。在使违法者负担对等均衡不利法律后果的基础上,通过各项生态环境恢复性司法措施,激励和引导违法者积极参与损害修复和环保实践活动,调动相关主体协同参与环境司法治理过程,以最大程度保护生态环境、恢复被损社会关系、提升生态环境综合质量,实现司法效果、社会效果和环保效果的统一。以其特定的价值理念指引着生态环境司法的实践运行、制度设计和观念塑造,并有着较为坚实的理论依据作为支撑。环境正义与生态正义对正义理论的扩展,使司法对人类社会当前与未来、对自然界生物权益的保护有了正义论基础借鉴,表现为实现方式上的环境司法实质正义、程序正义、预防正义和保护对象上的环境司法代内公平、代际公平、种际公平,促使着司法以此为基础由狭义意义上的单一客体保护向广义意义上的多元价值平衡转变。恢复性正义理论则为环境司法重恢复受损害的生态环境和社会秩序,尊重违法者的合法权益并以思想启蒙和制度激励引导违法者参与损害修复和环保实践提供了实践论参考,强调预防性保护和实质性司法治理。生态文明理论则从文明兴衰论、生命共同体论、生态环境生产力理论等角度阐释了人类与自然、经济发展与环境保护间的内在联系与交互逻辑,并从政策和实践的角度指出了司法保障人与自然和谐共生、绿色发展等价值论启发,表现为对环境公平、环境秩序、环境安全、生态效益、司法效率、可持续发展等具体环境司法价值观的追求。成本效益理论为实践中不同价值的取舍、各种恢复性措施的选择及生态环境恢复性司法的适用提供了效能理论依据和方法论基础。司法的能动性方法论助力司法突破传统行为桎梏,在各环节能动适用各项措施实现环保效能,协同各类主体确保司法效果。以此理论基础夯实生态环境恢复性司法理念的正义论、实践论、价值论、方法论等法理之基,亦回应了民众在观念认识中的困惑与质疑。基于此,结合其他法律文化、政策依据、社会法治等合法性、合理性、可行性基础,对居于理念层面较为抽象的生态环境恢复性司法进行细化、具化和可操作化实践层面探寻。从整体性、主动性、均衡性、绿色优先原则的遵循确立,到已有的补植复绿、增殖放流、土地复垦等生态环境恢复性责任承担方式的规范,环保学习令、环境公益令、环保预防令、负面信息公开令等措施的创新,及各类型法律责任承担方式的统筹化运用。再到各阶段司法典型适用规则的构建,如诉前阶段的司法损害预防、提前介入、检察听证与企业合规机制,立案阶段的适格主体扩展与专门司法机制,审理阶段的恢复行为激励与多元协同司法机制,执行阶段的损害控制、方式创新与监督评估机制等方面进行规范性探讨,为生态环境司法在生态环境恢复性司法理念的指引下成建制、成体系、系统化、规范化的发展作出梳理。更多还原

【Abstract】 Judicial governance dilemmas,in which "the lawbreakers are sentenced or penalized,the damages to eco-environment persist,the government has exhausted its options,and the public pay the bill",are likely to arise in the application of traditional judicial mode in cases of environmental resources.On the surface,the judicial system has played its role in meting out legal punishment and ascertaining responsibilities,but in essence the substantial fairness and ecological righteousness of the environmental justice haven’t been achieved.The restorative justice for eco-environment has been put forward to address the misalignment and governance dilemmas of traditional judicial mode in special eco-environment cases,and attend to the urgent need of realities.It is born out of case by case explorations in judicial practice,so it has obvious features in prospective guidance.In the meantime,practical problems like inadequate direct jurisprudential basis researches in current eco-environment restorative justice practice,focus of scientific principle studies on environment-related criminal governance measures,theoretical issues like ambiguity in concepts and unbalanced development,application discrepancies in similar cases and low coordinated application of legal responsibilities,have to be resolved,in a bid to standardize the guidance of practical development with eco-environment judicial order.As a new judicial concept and mode rooted in the current practice of environmental justice of China,it has cast off the shackles of anthropocentrism,taken human society and eco-environment as a community of life with legal interests to be protected,and laid emphasis on equivalent protection of public eco-environment,environmental rights and interests of contemporary people as well as the survival and development rights of future generations and other species.On the basis of lawbreakers undertaking equivalent and balanced adverse legal consequences,they are stimulated and guided to actively participate in damage remedy and environmental protection activities through various eco-environment restorative justice measures.Besides,relevant entities are also mobilized to get involved in judicial governance,to protect eco-environment,restore damaged social relations and uplift overall quality of eco-environment to the maximum degree,and ultimately realize the integration of judicial effect,social effect and environmental protection effect.It guides the practical operation,system design and concept shaping of eco-environment justice with its unique values,on the strength of solid theoretical foundations.Environmental righteousness and ecological righteousness extend the theory of righteousness,lending fundamental references to the protection of the present and future of human society as well as the rights and interests of creatures in nature.It is displayed by substantial righteousness,procedural righteousness and preventive righteousness in terms of realization model as well as intragenerational equity,intergenerational equity and interspecies equity in terms of protection targets.Then the single object protection in the narrow sense has shifted to multi-value balance in the broad sense in justice.Restorative righteousness theory has provided practical references to focus of environmental justice on restoration of damaged eco-environment and social order,respect for the legitimate rights and interests of lawbreakers,and stimulation to guide them to participate in repair remedy and environmental protection through ideological enlightenment and system incentive,with an emphasis on preventive protection and substantial judicial governance.Eco-civilization theory explains the intrinsic connection and interactive logic between mankind and nature,economic development and environmental protection from the angles of rise and fall of civilizations,community of life and eco-environment productivity,and unveiled the inspirations in the values of judicially safeguarded coexistence between mankind and nature as well as green development from the angles of policies and practice.It is displayed as pursuit of specific environmental justice values of environmental fairness,environmental order,environmental safety,eco-benefit,judicial efficiency and sustainable development.Cost-benefit theory provides the basis of efficiency theory and methodology for inclusion and exclusion of different values,selection of different restorative measures and application of eco-environment restorative justice in practice.Judicial activism facilitates to break through shackles of traditional behaviors,by actively applying various measures at different steps to realize environmental protection efficiency and coordinating entities to ensure judicial outcome.It has responded to the public confusion and doubt to enhance the jurisprudential foundations of righteousness,practice,value and methodology for eco-environment restorative justice.Based on the foregoing and combining the legitimate,reasonable and feasible foundations of other law cultures,policy basis and social rule by law,detailing,concretization and operable practice of eco-environment restorative justice in abstract conception have been explored.It includes establishment of conformity to the principles of wholeness,initiative,balance and green priority,standardization of undertaking eco-environment restoration responsibilities like existing complementary planting and restoration of green,enhanced reproduction and release and land reclamation,innovation of measures like environmental protection learning order,public-benefit environmental order,environmental protection preventive order and negative information disclosure order as well as coordinated application of undertaking different types of legal responsibilities.Then it comes to the establishment of typical judicial application rules,such as judicial damage,prior intervention,procuratorial hearing and corporate conformity mechanism at the pre-litigation stage,eligible subject extension and special judicial mechanism at the case-filing stage,restorative behavior incentive and multiple coordinated judicial mechanisms at the trial stage,damage control,mode innovation and supervision and evaluation mechanism at the execution stage,hence sorting out the organizational,systematic and standardized development of eco-environment justice under the guidance of eco-environment restorative justice.更多还原